Computer language and code for application development and electronic and optical communication

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to a computer language and code for software application development, data compression, and use with conventional, optical, hybrid electro-optical and quantum computers.

FIELD

The disclosure relates to a computer language and code for softwareapplication development, data compression, and use with conventional,optical, hybrid electro-optical and quantum computers.

BACKGROUND

For many years, computer languages and codes have used the binary numbersystem and different series of zeros (0's) and ones (1's) to represent,manipulate, communicate, and store data and information. In 1963, theAmerican Standard Code For Information Exchange (ASCII) developed theoriginal ASCII code which included 128 characters and used 7 bitcharacter encodings. The ASCII code was later succeeded in 1986 by theISO/IEC 8859 code which expanded ASCII and used 8 bit characterencodings. In 1991, the Unicode Consortium then published the firstUniversal Coded Character Set (USC) Unicode standard which has over 1.1million possible code points available for use. The Unicode standard hassince been updated many times and it is also synchronized with the workof the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) whichdevelops and publishes international standards, and while not beingidentical with Unicode which is updated more frequently, the currentversion of ISO/IEC 10646 is largely consistent with Unicode.

In this regard, when using the binary number system each letter of thealphabet as well as other numbers, symbols, and operations are typicallyidentified using at least 8 bits made of zeros (0's) and ones (1's)something which is known as one byte of information. Accordingly, toreproduce and communicate the simple phrase “Run Tag Run” requires atleast 72 bits or 9 bytes of digital information. This digitalinformation is most often communicated digitally in the form of a seriesof square waves with the top of the square wave which corresponds to itsmaximum amplitude being used to represent the number 1, whereas aportion of the signal having less amplitude or resting at zero is usedto represent the value 0. The data is typically communicated,manipulated, and stored with the use of switches which can be eitherplaced in an “on” and closed state which is typically represented by thenumber 1, or an “off” and open state which is often represented by thevalue 0 by using millions of small transistors which are included on aCentral Processing Unit (CPU) logic chip or memory chip, oralternatively by using capacitors which can store an electrical charge.These transistor switches or capacitors are typically configured toindicate one of three different states or conditions, namely, an “and”state, an “or” state, or a “not” state. In this regard, typical laptopcomputers and other home computers are not configured today so as to beable to provide a state that represents the possibility of both 1 and 0,“and” and “or”, “yes” and “no”, or “maybe” at the same time. As aresult, the use of the binary system in digital communication isassociated in a long string or series of bits which are typicallycommunicated and processed sequentially which can take considerable timeand also consume substantial memory. Further, the use of the binarysystem for representing numbers and mathematical operations can resultin certain inaccuracies. The present disclosure is directed to acomputer language, and code for software application development whichcan replace and/or work in association with the binary number system anddigital forms of communication.

The ability to make smaller and faster computer chips in order toenhance the performance of computers is beginning to hit certainlimitations or barriers having to do with limited space. In this regard,one MegaHerz (MHz) equals 1,000,000 or one million cycles per second.One GigaHerz (GHz) equals 1,000,000,000 or one trillion cycles persecond, one TeraHerz (THz) equals 1,000,000,000,000 cycles per second,and one PicoHerz (PHz) equals 1,000,000,000,000,000 cycles per second.One picosecond is 10⁻¹² and 0.000000000001 second, and one femtosecondis 10⁻¹⁵ and 0.000000000000001 second. The speed of light is 299,792,458meters/second, thus light travels 299.792458 meters in one MHz cycle.One mm equals 1,000,000 nanometers (nm). A petabit equals a terabittimes 1,000 which is 1,000,000,000,000,000 bits. A gigabyte contains8,000,000,000 bits, and a terabyte equals 1,000 gigabytes. A petabyteequals 1,000 terabytes which is 1,000,000 gigabytes. The size of ahydrogen atom is 0.1 nm. The size of a silicon atom is about 0.2 nm. Thesize of a DNA molecule is about 1 nm. The size of a red blood cell isbetween about 6,000-8,000 nm. The width of a human hair is about80,000-100,000 nm. Modern computer chips have what are called 10 nm, 7nm, and 5 nm configurations, and IBM has recently made a 2 nmconfiguration, but this does not refer to the size of their actualstructure. An Intel Core i7 CPU has 1.86 billion transistors. In thisregard, there are about 100,000,000 transistors in one square mm, and soabout 100,000 or perhaps in some cases about 134,000 transistors aredisposed side by side in one mm of space on a modern computer chip. Inthis regard, the transistors are about 14 nm across which is about 14times larger than DNA molecules. Given than silicon atoms have a size ofabout 0.2 nm, these transistors are about 70 silicon atoms wide onmodern computer chips. Accordingly, there is a limit to how small atransistor can be made, and also how fast data can be communicated whenusing the binary system, electrons, and conductive wires to performdigital communication.

Some individuals are calling the next stage of evolution in computertechnology quantum computing. The quantum computing market isanticipated to reach 65 billion by 2030. In order to perform quantumcomputing various complex structures such as artificial neural networkscomposed of artificial neurons or nodes are being created which attemptto reproduce or emulate the complex structure and function of the humanbrain. A simple neural network typically includes an input layer, andhidden layer, and an output layer. Some neural networks and otherstructures associated with present efforts to create artificialintelligence can permit what is called quantum entanglement which isknown to be the exchange of quantum information between two particles ata distance. Quantum superposition is different principle of quantumphysics which holds that somewhat like waves in classical physics it ispossible for two or more quantum states to be added together andsuperposed to create another valid quantum state, and that the resultantquantum state can be represented as a sum of two or more quantum states.In this regard, superposition is held to be the uncertainly of aparticle being in several states at once which is called a superpositionstate. Accordingly, quantum computers which can include neural networksand are capable of producing entanglement and/or superposition can notonly represent and process a “yes” or “no,” and/or “1” or “0” likeconventional computers, but rather they can also process the possibilityof “yes” and “no,” “1” and “0”, or “maybe.” The condition associatedwith both of these possibilities is called a superposition state.Accordingly, the data and information obtained from these quantum statesis typically referred to as a quantum bit, or “qubit(s).” As the scaleof conventional transistor making on silicon CPU's approaches themolecular and atomic level, and the desire for faster computing speedsusing electrons in metal wires results in increases in heat productionand energy use, the introduction of optical computers, hybridelectro-optical computers, and quantum computers holds promise for thefuture.

Optical computers which are sometimes also called photonic computers arebeing developed for performing complex and high speed quantum computing.In order to perform optical computing, it is necessary to have anoptical processor, fiber optic cable, and optical storage. Instead ofusing electrons, an optical computer uses photons, that is, a form oflight in the electromagnetic spectrum to communicate data andinformation, perform calculations, and to persist and store informationin memory. In this regard, photons can move about 20 times faster thanelectrons, and photons do not suffer the resistance of electrons whichinstead move in metallic wires something which produces heat andrequires greater energy consumption. There are two kinds of opticalcomputers, that is, pure or complete optical computers, andelectro-optical hybrid computers.

Visible light falls in the range of the electromagnetic spectrum betweenultraviolet and infrared light. Visible light frequencies are betweenabout 4×10¹⁴ and 8×10¹⁴ cycles per second (Hz) which is about 430-750trillion Hz (THz) and have wavelengths in the range betweenapproximately 380-740 nanometers (nm). The ultraviolet light spectrumincludes wavelengths in the range between approximately 10 nm and 400 nmwhich corresponds to frequencies in the range between approximately 30PHz-750 THz. The infrared light spectrum includes wavelengths in therange between approximately 700 nm-1 mm and corresponds to frequenciesin the range between approximately 430 THz-300 GHz. In this regard, itis known that there can be some overlap as between the visible lightspectrum and the infrared and ultraviolet light spectrums. Visible lightfrequencies and wavelengths correspond in duration of time to about 2femtoseconds.

The University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB) is one of theleading centers of optical computing research and development here inthe United States. A number of companies including D-Wave Systems, Inc.,Honeywell International, Inc., Google, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, and XanaduQuantum Technologies, Inc. are working on making quantum computers.D-Wave Systems located in British Columbia, Canada has one of thelargest patent portfolios in this subject area and can provide quantumcomputer products and services for the general public. At the presenttime, the leader in making a practical optical quantum computer isbelieved to be Xanadu Quantum Technologies, Inc. located in Toronto,Canada. The Xanadu X8 quantum photonic processor has been made availableonline. The Xanadu X8 photonic processor can be programmed using“Strawberry Fields,” which is Xanadu's Python library for simulating andrunning programs on photonic quantum hardware and “PennyLane” which isthe company's Python library for quantum machine learning and computing.In this regard, see the article published online in the IEEE Spectrumentitled “In the Race to Hundreds of Qubits, Photons May Have QuantumAdvantage, by Charles Q. Choi, on Mar. 5, 2021:https://spectrum.ieee.org/race-to-hundreds-of-photonic-qubits-xanadu-scalable-photon.

U.S. patents relating to optical computers and/or quantum computersinclude: U.S. Pat. Nos. 11,182,230, 11,157,817, 11,138,511, 11,127,893,11,105,866, 11,100,418, 11,100,416, 11,093,440, 11,064,637, 11,062,227,11,042,811, 11,038,095, 11,031,537, 11,023,821, 11,010,683, 10,991,755,10,938,346, 10,922,381, 10,897,068, 10,891,554, 10,885,459, 10,817,796,10,789,540, 10,789,329, 10,769,545, 10,755,190, 10,748,079, 10,700,256,10,691,633, 10,671,937, 10,657,198, 10,621,140, 10,599,988, 10,552,757,10,552,755, 10,528,886, 10,489,477, 10,468,793, 10,467,545, 10,467,543,10,454,015, 10,453,894, 10,378,803, 10,346,508, 10,346,349, 10,326,071,10,318,881, 10,290,798, 10,275,422, 10,268,622, 11,182,230, 11,157,817,11,138,511, 11,127,893, 11,105,866, 11,100,418, 11,100,416, 11,093,440,11,064,637, 11,062,227, 11,042,811, 11,038,095, 11,031,537, 11,023,821,11,010,683, 10,991,755, 10,938,346, 10,922,381, 10,897,068, 10,891,554,10,885,459, 10,817,796, 10,789,540, 10,789,329, 10,769,545, 10,755,190,10,748,079, 10,700,256, 10,691,633, 10,671,937, 10,657,198, 10,621,140,10,599,988, 10,552,757, 10,552,755, 10,528,886, 10,489,477, 10,468,793,10,467,545, 10,467,543, 10,454,015, 10,453,894, 10,378,803, 10,346,508,10,346,349, 10,326,071, 10,318,881, 10,290,798, 10,275,422, 10,268,622,8,032,474, 8,018,244, 8,008,991, 8,008,942, 7,990,662, 7,984,012,7,969,805, 7,932,515, 7,899,852, 7,898,282, 7,880,529, 7,877,333,7,876,248, 7,870,087, 7,844,656, 7,843,209, 7,800,395, 7,788,192,7,687,938, 7,639,035, 7,624,088, 7,619,437, 7,613,765, 7,613,764,7,605,600, 7,533,068, 7,418,283, 7,335,909, 7,332,738, 7,307,275,7,268,576, 7,253,654, 7,230,266, 7,135,701, 7,042,005, 7,018,852,7,015,499, 7,002,174, 6,987,282, 6,979,836, 6,960,780, 6,943,368,6,936,841, 6,930,320, 6,919,579, 6,911,664, 6,905,887, 6,900,456,6,900,454, 6,897,468, 6,885,325, 6,822,255, 6,812,484, 6,803,599,6,791,109, 6,784,451, 6,753,546, 6,728,131, 6,670,630, 6,627,916,6,627,915, 6,614,047, 6,605,822, 6,580,102, 6,576,951, 6,573,202,6,563,311, 6,563,310, 6,537,847, 6,504,172, and 6,459,097 which areassigned to D-Wave Systems, Inc.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,997,522, 10,951,002,10,804,871, 10,760,954, 10,733,524, 10,340,052, 10,145,792, 9,766,071,9,715,950, 9,588,047, 8,426,871, and 4,128,843 which are assigned toHoneywell International, Inc.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 11,177,912, 11,177,375,11,158,731, 11,158,714, 11,107,891, 11,101,352, 11,075,293, 11,063,138,10,991,802, 10,992,166, 10,635,990, and 6,661,943 which are assigned tothe Intel Corporation; U.S. Pat. No. 8,064,065 assigned to LawrenceLivermore National Security, LLD.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 11,188,842,11,170,302, 11,157,828, 11,151,470, 11,138,354, 11,132,617, 11,127,820,11,121,303, 11,120,359, 11,119,773, 11,113,084, 11,081,634, 11,010,684,11,010,682, 11,010,450, U.S. Pat. Nos. 11,004,008, 10,997,337,10,990,677, 10,972,133, 10,963,125, 10,879,464, 10,860,759, 10,846,608,10,811,587, 10,777,605, 10,740,689, 10,699,209, 10,699,208, 10,692,010,10,665,701, 10,664,761, 10,664,249, 10,651,808, 10,635,988, 10,574,268,10,546,621, 10,496,933, 10,490,600, 10,469,087, 10,430,162, 10,423,887,10,417,370, 10,411,713, 10,374,610, 10,366,339, 10,346,761, 10,346,348,10,331,163, 10,320,394, 10,320,360, 9,256,834, 9,152,924, 8,581,227,7,598,514, 7,566,896, 7,518,138, 7,394,092, 7,376,547, 7,321,131,7,250,624, and 7,109,593 which are assigned to the Microsoft corporationalso known as Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC.; U.S. Pat. No.10,586,566 which is assigned to Sony Interactive Entertainment, Inc.;U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,246,602, and 8,744,075 which are assigned to the SonyCorporation; U.S. Pat. No. 6,823,140 assigned to Sun Microsystems, Inc.;U.S. Pat. Nos. 11,125,773, 11,003,046, 10,809,592, 10,520,024, and10,272,400 assigned to Xanadu Quantum Technologies, Inc. of Toronto,Canada; and all of the patents recited in this paragraph are herebyincorporated by reference herein.

The JAVA computer language is believed to be one of the best forsoftware program application development, and so the following list ofU.S. patents originally assigned to Sun Microsystems, Inc. whichdeveloped JAVA is provided: U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,685,430, 7,650,505,7,647,415, 7,634,779, 7,584,302, 7,574,710, 7,565,647, 7,548,946,7,546,605, 7,543,288, 7,533,156, 7,451,393, 7,426,721, 7,421,687,7,409,439, 7,398,533, 7,370,322, 7,318,128, 7,305,671, 7,296,235,7,290,045, 7,266,822, 7,266,816, 7,246,345, 7,246,134, 7,243,356,7,228,533, 7,219,331, 7,210,127, 7,209,960, 7,197,750, 7,181,724,7,177,934, 7,167,894, 7,165,108, 7,162,711, 7,159,213, 7,155,501,7,131,120, 7,131,111, 7,130,773, 7,117,489, 7,096,467, 7,069,554,7,065,747, 7,058,934, 7,055,133, 7,054,890, 7,043,738, 7,043,732,7,039,904, 7,016,966, 7,003,778, 7,000,235, 6,996,824, 6,996,587,6,986,129, 6,983,465, 6,981,246, 6,980,979, 6,978,456, 6,978,401,6,976,061, 6,964,033, 6,961,933, 6,961,843, 6,959,430, 6,957,428,6,957,427, 6,951,014, 6,934,946, 6,934,726, 6,922,796, 6,918,109,6,912,569, 6,901,591, 6,898,786, 6,889,227, 6,886,157, 6,877,111,6,862,674, 6,850,953, 6,839,647, 6,823,504, 6,804,681, 6,799,185,6,772,178, 6,766,349, 6,754,796, 6,751,790, 6,745,387, 6,742,006,6,721,777, 6,711,739, 6,651,140, 6,637,021, 6,633,876, 6,542,900,6,466,974, 6,446,084, 6,430,567, 6,427,153, 6,418,444, 6,407,759,6,401,134, 6,366,898, 6,349,333, 6,308,315, 6,282,568, 6,260,078,6,260,077, 6,253,256, 6,233,582, 6,223,346, 6,216,227, 6,141,794,6,134,627, 6,134,600, 6,122,745, 6,070,239, 6,061,520, 6,058,482,6,044,218, 6,026,485, 6,003,038, 5,966,542, 5,925,123, 5,815,718,5,754,857, 5,706,502, 5,692,047, U.S. RE Pat. No. 38,104, and all ofthese U.S. patents are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

In 2010, Sun Microsystems, Inc. was purchased by the Oracle Corporationwhich has continued to develop the JAVA computer language and relatedsoftware program applications and the following list of U.S. patentsrelating to JAVA which are assigned to the Oracle Corporation isprovided: U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,826,975, 10,558,434, 10,547,664, 10,476,938,10,474,998, 10,373,139, 10,324,692, 10,268,456, 10,229,032, 10,225,323,10,133,827, 10,127,259, 10,103,946, 10,049,127, 9,971,618, 9,930,129,9,880,938, 9,875,122, 9,843,629, 9,811,359, 9,740,597, 9,667,430,9,648,084, 9,626,488, 9,600,546, 9,588,742, 9,552,277, 9,542,222,9,519,466, 9,509,745, 9,467,355, 9,448,928, 9,430,222, 9,417,992,9,411,566, 9,239,814, 9,231,995, 9,213,562, 9,185,054, 9,183,013,9,177,033, 9,171,096, 9,160,749, 9,141,539, 9,058,471, 9,043,768,9,037,542, 8,978,023, 8,959,485, 8,959,106, 8,924,789, 8,881,099,8,875,113, 8,875,094, 8,863,126, 8,856,805, 8,856,460, 8,856,294,8,850,412, 8,838,669, 8,832,710, 8,826,246, 8,813,031, 8,806,493,8,805,896, 8,799,885, 8,793,670, 8,776,053, 8,732,191, 8,713,546,8,695,006, 8,639,787, 8,635,660, 8,635,185, 8,627,328, 8,615,734,8,601,447, 8,572,579, 8,566,826, 8,555,264, 8,533,383, 8,495,107,8,490,120, 8,463,852, 8,429,650, 8,387,076, 8,365,157, 8,332,835,8,321,450, 8,316,083, 8,261,269, 8,255,680, 8,250,572, 8,245,206,8,219,609, 8,196,128, 8,195,721, 8,180,746, 8,156,482, 8,082,489,8,046,772, 8,032,872, 7,962,925, 7,962,902, 7,962,527, 7,953,773,7,949,760, 7,925,952, 7,921,169, 7,873,979, 7,873,951, 7,870,112,7,840,967, 7,840,939, 7,827,535, 7,814,472, 7,802,240, 7,802,239,7,793,255, 7,788,489, 7,784,043, 7,752,626, 7,730,523, 7,730,492,7,720,877, 7,716,339, 7,716,274, 7,644,403, 7,490,330, 7,461,395,7,454,428, 7,346,889, 7,032,216, 6,873,984, 6,854,114, and all of theseU.S. patents are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

The following patents which relate to the JAVA computer language andrelated software programs are assigned to the Intel Corporation, Inc.:U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,191,453, 6,928,456, 6,854,122, 6,611,864, 6,484,188,6,370,685, 6,317,869, 6,289,506, 6,289,504, 6,170,083, 6,158,048,6,131,191, 6,093,216, and all of these U.S. patents are herebyincorporated by reference herein.

The following patents which relate to the JAVA computer language andrelated software programs are assigned to the Microsoft Corporation:U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,115,116, 8,965,950, 8,661,407, 7,739,665, 7,546,590,7,480,921, 7,194,729, 6,996,826, 6,981,255, 6,748,588, 6,665,865,6,625,803, 6,522,343, 6,504,554, 6,499,035, 6,484,312, 6,484,311,6,415,334, 6,367,012, 6,349,344, 6,230,172, 6,229,537, 6,173,317,6,035,119, 6,006,241, 6,003,050, 5,920,720, 5,892,904, and all of theseU.S. patents are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

The following patents several of which relate to computer languages,software programs and the enforcement of licensing agreements areassigned to Apple, Inc.: U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,952,841, 8,781,971, 8,452,712,8,027,925, 7,900,215, 7,448,042, and 6,188,995, and all of these U.S.patents are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

Other patents relating to computer languages include: U.S. Pat. No.10,606,568 assigned to Alibaba Group Holding Limited, U.S. Pat. No.9,804,946 assigned to Oracle International Corporation, U.S. Pat. No.7,509,631 originally assigned to Bea Systems, Inc., U.S. Pat. No.7,240,338 assigned to ITT Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc., U.S. Pat. No.7,047,524 assigned to Hyperformix, U.S. Pat. No. 6,230,182 assigned tothe Hewlett-Packard Company, U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,993 assigned to theTandem Company, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,693 assigned to the FoxboroCompany, and all of the U.S. patents are hereby incorporated byreference herein.

In the future, whether computing will include and be called opticalcomputing, electro-optical computing, or quantum computing, and theinformation which is communicated be called waves, vibes, or qubits,that is, instead of bits which have been associated with digitalinformation, there is need for a computer language for softwareapplication development which can communicate data and informationoptically using photons in sine wave form. Further, there is a need fora computer language which can communicate information using a hybridcombination of optical and digital signals. In addition, there is a needfor a computer language which can represent and communicate words,numbers, and operations using fewer bits than the binary digital system,and also for data compression which can permit faster communication andprocessing of data and information. Moreover, there is need for acomputer language and related computer software application that is easyfor members of the public to understand and use.

Human beings do not normally process information in a binary manner withthe input and output being communicated in a string of information onebit at a time. Seeing, hearing and speaking are things which all happenin a frequency domain. We constantly process information from multiplesensory sources, actions, and events at the same time. Accordingly, acomputer language which permits similar multitasking is conducive tooptical and quantum computing, the use of neural networks which canpermit entanglement, superposition, and the making and use of artificialintelligence. The present disclosure is directed in to a computerlanguage and code for software application development, datacompression, and computers which can perform conventional, but alsooptical, hybrid electro-optical, and/or quantum computing. This languagecan permit data and information to be converted to and from otherexisting computer languages which are typically communicated using thebinary number system, and also devices, methods, and processes whichpresently use electronic signals and digital means of communication.

SUMMARY

A first aspect of the present disclosure is a method of making acomputer language which includes providing a dictionary including a listincluding a plurality of member alphabetical letters and/or words and/ornumbers and/or symbols, each member of the plurality being representedby a corresponding wave form having a specific frequency and wavelength.

Optionally, the wave form is in the electromagnetic spectrum.

Optionally, the wave form is a photonic wave in the visible lightspectrum and/or invisible portion of the infrared light spectrum.

Optionally, the wave form is a sine wave.

Optionally, the wave form is an electronic wave.

Optionally, the wave form is a square wave.

Optionally, the wave form is a product of data compression.

Optionally, the list of alphabetic letters and/or words further includesa plurality of sub-lists including the following categories: noun, verb,adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, determiner, andexclamation.

Optionally, the plurality of member numbers are represented by a firstwave form having a first frequency and wavelength which represents thebase portion of a specific number, and a second wave form having asecond frequency and wavelength which represents the exponent portion ofthe specific number, whereby the value of the specific number can berepresented and communicated.

Optionally, a difference exists in time and/or space between the startof the first wave form and the second wave form and the second wave formis substantially identical in amplitude and shape to the first waveform, but the second wave form is phase shifted relative to the firstwave form, and the first wave form represents the base portion of thespecific number, and the amount to which the second wave form is phaseshifted in time and/or space represents the value of the exponentcorresponding to the specific number, whereby the value of the specificnumber can be represented and communicated.

Optionally, the absence of a break between two of the plurality ofmember numbers which are represented and/or communicated in a seriesrepresents a mathematic function of addition.

Optionally, the absence of a break between two of the plurality ofmember numbers which are represented and/or communicated in a seriesrepresents a mathematical function of multiplication.

Optionally, a break between two of the plurality of member lettersand/or words and/or numbers and/or symbols represents a separationbetween the plurality member letters and/or words and/or numbers and/orsymbols.

Optionally, the presence of a wave form representing a symbol disposedbetween two of the plurality of member numbers represents a mathematicalfunction and operation between the member numbers.

A second aspect of the present disclosure includes a method of making acomputer language for representing any positive number using the valuesand numbers 0, 1, 2, 2^(nth) exponential power, 3, and 3^(nth)exponential power and/or a sum of two or more of these values andnumbers.

A third aspect of the present disclosure includes a method of making acomputer language for representing and communicating values or numbers,each of the values or numbers including a base portion consisting of oneor more of the following 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and an exponentportion, the base portion being represented and communicated by a waveform having a first frequency and wavelength, said exponent portionbeing represented by a second wave form having a second frequency andwavelength, wherein a difference exists in time and/or space between thestart of the first wave form and the second wave form, and the secondwave form is substantially identical in amplitude and shape to the firstwave form, and the second wave form is phase shifted relative to thefirst wave form, and the amount to which the second wave form is phaseshifted in time and/or space represents and communicates the exponent,whereby said values or numbers can be represented and communicated.

Optionally, the first wave form and the second wave form comprise squarewaves.

Optionally, the first wave form and the second wave form comprise sinewaves.

Optionally, the first wave form and the second wave form have differentfrequencies and wavelengths.

A fourth aspect of the present disclosure includes a method of making acomputer language for representing and communicating a value or numberin a known base number system, the value or number having a base portionequal to the known base number in the known base number system and anexponent portion having a value obtained from a list in a table ofalgorithms, the known base number in the known base number system andthe exponent portion being configured to be manipulated by amathematical function by which a resultant wave form having a specificwavelength is derived to represent and communicate the value or number.

Optionally, the base number in the known base number system is thenumber 10 in the base 10 number system.

Optionally, the base number in the known base number system is thenatural logarithm value e.

A fifth aspect of the present disclosure includes an optical keyboardconfigured to communicate data and information using visible lightand/or infrared light.

A sixth aspect of the present disclosure includes an optical gamecontroller configured to communicate data and information using visiblelight and/or infrared light.

A seventh aspect of the present disclosure includes a computer keyboardincluding means for producing an output including photons and aplurality of sine waves in the visible light spectrum and/or invisibleportion of the infrared light spectrum, the output includingrepresentations of a plurality of alphabetical letters and/or wordsand/or numbers and/or symbols and/or commands and/or functions and/oroperations, the output being communicated by fiber optic cable to acomputer selected from the group of computers consisting of anelectronic computer, an optical computer, an electro-optical computer,and a quantum computer.

An eighth aspect of the present disclosure includes a method ofcommunicating a computer language including providing a dictionaryincluding a list including a plurality of member alphabetical lettersand/or words and/or numbers and/or symbols, each of the plurality ofmember alphabetical letters and/or words and/or numbers and/or symbolsbeing represented by a corresponding wave form having a specificfrequency and wavelength.

A ninth aspect of the present disclosure includes a computer languageincluding a dictionary including a list of a plurality of memberalphabetical letters and/or words and/or numbers and/or symbols, each ofthe plurality of member alphabetical letters and/or words and/or numbersand/or symbols being represented by a corresponding wave form having aspecific frequency and wavelength.

A tenth aspect of the present disclosure includes a method of making acomputer language including selecting a value or number X in a basenumber system consonant with a logarithmic function and expressionLog_(b) ^(n)=X, where b is the base portion of a number in the basenumber system, and where n is the exponent portion of the number in thebase number system to which b is raised to produce the value or numberX, taking and using n as a first factor, and multiplying n by at least asecond factor to yield a specific frequency and associated wavelength ina portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

An eleventh aspect of the present disclosure includes a method of makinga computer language including selecting a value or number X in a basenumber system consonant with a logarithmic function and expressionLog_(b) ^(n)=X, where b is the base portion of a number in the basenumber system, and where n is the exponent portion of the number in thebase number system to which b is raised to produce the value or numberX, taking and using n as a first factor, and randomly generating a thirdfactor, and multiplying n as the first factor by a second factor and thethird factor to yield a specific frequency and associated wavelength ina portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Further, the portion of theelectromagnetic spectrum can be a portion of the visible light spectrumand/or infrared light spectrum.

A twelfth aspect of the present disclosure includes a method of making acomputer language including selecting a plurality of wave formscorresponding to specific frequencies and associated wavelengths in thevisible light spectrum and/or invisible portion of the infrared lightspectrum, and combining at least two of the plurality of wave formscorresponding to specific frequencies and wavelengths to create a codingpoint. Alternatively, at least four of the plurality of wave forms canbe combined to create a coding point. In this regard, a coding point canbe used to represent at least one of an alphabetical letter, a word, anumber, a symbol, a command, a function, and an operation. Further, atleast two of the plurality of wave forms can be combined to form aplurality of sets, and the plurality of sets can be disposed in seriesand/or in parallel to provide a plurality of coding points. In addition,the number of permutations of the plurality of coding points cancorrespond to the formula: Permutations=(Number of Sets)!/(Number ofSets−2)!, and the number of combinations of the coding points cancorrespond to the formula: Combinations=(Number of Sets)!/2!×(Number ofSets−2)!

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsquare waves representing an alphabetical letter and two words.

FIG. 2 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsquare waves representing three words.

FIG. 3 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsine waves representing an alphabetical letter and two words.

FIG. 4 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsine waves representing three words.

FIG. 5 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsquare waves representing the base portion of numbers 1, 2, and 3, andalso square waves representing the exponent portion of the numbers.

FIG. 6 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsine waves representing the base portion of the numbers 1, 2, and 3, andalso sine waves representing the exponent portion of the numbers.

FIG. 7 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsquare waves representing the base portion of numbers 1, 2, and 3, andalso sine waves representing the exponent portion of the numbers.

FIG. 8 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsine waves representing the base portion of numbers 1, 2, and 3, andalso square waves representing the exponent portion of the numbers.

FIG. 9 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingmultiple square waves representing the base portion of numbers 1, 2, and3, and also square waves representing the exponent portion of thenumbers.

FIG. 10 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingmultiple sine waves representing the base portion of numbers 1, 2, and3, and also sine waves representing the exponent portion of the numbers.

FIG. 11 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsquare waves representing the base portion of numbers 1, 2, and 3, andalso square waves representing the exponent portion of the numbers whichare offset in time.

FIG. 12 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsine waves representing the base portion of numbers 1, 2, and 3, andalso sine waves representing the exponent portion of the numbers whichare offset in time.

FIG. 13 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsine waves representing the base portion of numbers 1 and 2, and alsosine waves representing the exponent portion of the numbers and whichare disposed on the same 0 axis.

FIG. 14 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsine waves representing the base portion of number 3, and also sinewaves representing 2 which is the exponent portion of the number 3 andwhich are disposed on the same 0 axis.

FIG. 15 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsquare waves representing the base portion of numbers 1 and 2, and alsosine waves representing the exponent portion of the numbers and whichare disposed on nearly the same axis.

FIG. 16 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsquare waves representing the base portion of number 3, and also sinewaves representing the exponent portion of the numbers and which aredisposed on nearly the same axis.

FIG. 17 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinglarge square waves representing the base portion of the numbers 2 and 3,and also small and sometimes multiple square waves having about half theamplitude representing the exponent portion following the base portionof the numbers and which are disposed on the same axis.

FIG. 18 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinglarge square waves representing the base portion of the numbers 2 and 3,and also small single square waves having about half the amplituderepresenting the exponent portion following the base portion of thenumbers and which are disposed on the same axis.

FIG. 19 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinglarge sine waves representing the base portion of the numbers 2 and 3,and also small and sometimes multiple sine waves having less than halfthe amplitude representing the exponent portion following the baseportion of the numbers and which are disposed on the same axis.

FIG. 20 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinglarge sine waves representing the base portion of the numbers 2 and 3,and also small single sine waves having less than half the amplituderepresenting the exponent portion following the base portion of thenumbers and which are disposed on the same axis.

FIG. 21 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinga series of large square waves representing the base portion of thenumbers 1, 2 and 3 which are disposed on the same axis.

FIG. 22 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinga series of single large sine waves representing the base portion of thenumbers 1, 2 and 3 which are disposed on the same axis.

FIG. 23 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinga series of sine waves representing the base portions and also theexponent portions of several individual numbers which can be used torepresent and communicate the number 124.

FIG. 24 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinga series of sine waves representing the base portions and also theexponent portions of several individual numbers which can be used torepresent and communicate the number 124.

FIG. 25 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingtwo sine waves which are phase shifted relative to one another and whichrepresent the base portion 10 and also the exponent 2 portion torepresent 10² which can be used to represent and communicate the number100.

FIG. 26 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinga plurality of sine waves which are phase shifted relative to oneanother and which represent the base portion and also the exponentportion of three numbers which can be used to represent and communicatethe number 124.

FIG. 27 is a prior art representation of an ultra short pulse which canbe used to communicate information.

FIG. 28 is a representation showing two different sine waves and alsotwo different square waves which are each separated by break.

FIG. 29 shows a flow chart relating to a conventional computer, anoptical computer, a hybrid electro-optical computer and/or quantumcomputer.

FIG. 30 shows a keyboard, a game controller, a mouse, and also a headsetincluding a microphone for communicating data and information to acomputer which has an integral keyboard and touch pad, and which can bea conventional computer, an optical computer, a hybrid electro-opticalcomputer, and/or quantum computer.

FIG. 31 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinga resultant wave form which is derived from a base number portion in aknown base number system and an exponent portion which have beenmanipulated by a mathematical function to derive the resultant wave formhaving a specific wavelength and which represents and communicates avalue or number.

FIG. 32 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingthree different resultant wave forms which are each derived from a basenumber portion in a known base number system and an exponent portion andwhich have been manipulated by a mathematical function to derive thethree different resultant wave forms each having a specific wavelengthwhich represents and communicates a value or number.

FIG. 33 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingtwo cycles of each of three different resultant wave forms which areeach derived from a base number portion in a known base number systemand an exponent portion and which have been manipulated by amathematical function to derive the three different resultant wave formseach having a specific wavelength which represents and communicates avalue or number.

FIG. 34 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingtwo cycles of three different sine waves corresponding to visible and/orinvisible light having different frequencies and wavelengths.

FIG. 35 shows a resultant wave form derived from the summation andcombination of the three different sine waves shown in FIG. 34 .

FIG. 36 shows the result of a Fast Fourier Transform of the data andinformation associated with the resultant wave shown in FIG. 35 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

When using the binary system in digital communication each letter of thealphabet, as well as other numbers, symbols, and operations, are eachidentified using at least 8 bits made of zeros (0's) and ones (1's)which is also known as one byte of information. Accordingly, toreproduce and communicate the simple phrase “Run Tag Run” requires atleast 72 bits or 9 bytes of digital information. This digitalinformation is most often communicated in the form of a series of squarewaves with the top of a square wave which corresponds to its maximumamplitude being used to represent the number 1, whereas a portion havingless amplitude or resting at zero is used to represent the value 0. As aresult, the use of the binary system in digital communication can resultin a long string or series of bits which are communicated sequentiallyand this can consume substantial memory.

Morse Code is an example of a different binary system which uses only 5bits to represent numbers between 1-10 as shown below:

1 . - - - -

2 . . - - -

3 . . . - -

4 . . . . -

5 . . . . .

6 - . . . .

7 - - . . .

8 - - - . .

9 - - - . .

10 - - - - -

Morse code is a different binary system than the one which is typicallybeing used today in digital communication which uses ones (1's) andzeros (0's). However, it is possible to send morse code using visiblelight or invisible light in the infrared portion or other invisibleportion of the electromagnetic spectrum to a computer using fiberoptical cable by using a single sine wave or a short burst andtransmission of sine waves to represent a dot, and either a longer burstand transmission of sine waves or no burst and transmission of light torepresent a dash, or vice-versa. Alternatively, when using aconventional electronic computer, morse code can be sent using wires anda digital system to a computer by using a single square wave or a shortburst and transmission of square waves to represent a dot, and either alonger burst or no burst of square waves to represent a dash. Thismethod of communication resembles sending morse code by using aflashlight and turning it on and off for different durations of time.

Further, it is possible to send morse code using visible light orinvisible light in the infrared portion or other invisible portion ofthe electromagnetic spectrum to a computer using fiber optical cable byusing a sine wave having greater amplitude or intensity to represent adot, and a sine wave having the same frequency and wavelength, buthaving less amplitude or intensity to represent a dash, or vice-versa.Alternatively, when using a conventional electronic computer, morse codecan be sent using wires and the digital system to a computer by using asingle square wave or a short burst and transmission of square waveshaving greater amplitude or intensity to represent a dot, and a squarewave or a short burst and transmission of square waves having the samefrequency and wavelength, but having less amplitude or intensity torepresent a dash, or vice-versa. This method of communication wouldresemble sending morse code using two flashlights with one beingnoticeably brighter than the other, or using one flashlight which hastwo different brightness settings.

In addition, it is possible to send morse code using visible light orinvisible light in the infrared portion or other invisible portion ofthe electromagnetic spectrum to a computer using fiber optical cable byusing a sine wave having a specific frequency and wavelength of light torepresent and communicate a dot, and a different sine wave having adifferent specific frequency and wavelength of light to represent andcommunicate a dash. Alternatively, when using a conventional electroniccomputer, morse code can be sent using wires and the digital system to acomputer by using a single square wave or a short burst and transmissionof square waves having one frequency and wavelength to represent a dot,and a different square wave or a short burst and transmission of squarewaves having a different frequency and wavelength to represent a dash,or vice-versa. This method of communication would resemble using twoflashlights having two different colors.

Generally similar methods to those just described with reference tomorse code can also be used to communicate the ones (1's) and zeros(0's) associated with the binary number system which is typically beingused in digital communication. In this regard, it is possible senddigital information using visible light or invisible light in theinfrared portion or other invisible portion of the electromagneticspectrum to a computer using fiber optical cable by using a single sinewave or a short burst and transmission of sine waves and light torepresent a one (1), and either a longer burst and transmission of lightor no burst and transmission of sine waves to represent a zero (0), orvice-versa. Alternatively, when using a conventional electroniccomputer, digital information can be sent using wires to a computer byusing a single square wave or a short burst and transmission of squarewaves to represent a one (1), and either a longer burst or no burst ofsquare waves to represent a zero (0). This method resembles sendingdigital information by using a flashlight and turning it on and off fordifferent durations of time.

Further, it is possible to send digital information using visible lightor invisible light in the infrared portion or other invisible portion ofthe electromagnetic spectrum to a computer using fiber optical cable byusing a sine wave having greater amplitude or intensity to represent aone (1), and a sine wave having the same frequency and wavelength, buthaving less amplitude or intensity to represent a zero (0), orvice-versa. Alternatively, when using a conventional electroniccomputer, digital information can be sent using wires to a computer byusing a single square wave or a short burst and transmission of squarewaves having greater amplitude or intensity to represent a one (1), anda square wave or a short burst and transmission of square waves havingthe same frequency and wavelength, but having less amplitude orintensity to represent a zero (0), or vice-versa. This method ofcommunication would resemble sending digital information using twoflashlights with one being noticeably brighter than the other, or usingone flashlight which has two different brightness settings.

In addition, it is possible to send digital information using visiblelight or invisible light in the infrared portion or other invisibleportion of the electromagnetic spectrum to a computer using fiberoptical cable by using a sine wave having a specific frequency andwavelength of light to represent and communicate a one (1), and adifferent sine wave having a different specific frequency and wavelengthof light to represent and communicate a zero (0). Alternatively, whenusing a conventional electronic computer, digital information can besent using metal wires to a computer by using a single square wave or ashort burst and transmission of square waves having one frequency andwavelength to represent a one (1), and a different square wave or ashort burst and transmission of square waves having a different thefrequency and wavelength to represent a zero (0), or vice-versa. Thismethod of communication would resemble using two flashlights having twodifferent colors.

If and when values or conditions other than 1 or 0 are desired orrequired when using digital communication, it can be possible to usethree or more square waves having different positive amplitudes torepresent those different values or conditions. For example, 1=yes ortrue can be communicated by a square wave having an amplitude “a”, and0=no or false can be communicated by a flat line having no amplituderesting at 0 or other amplitude “b”, and maybe and the expression and/orcan be communicated by a square wave having a different amplitude “c.”However, this method would take more time and energy for a computer toprocess. Alternatively, it is possible to communicate 1, 0, and maybeand/or by using sine waves having different amplitudes and/or differentfrequencies and wavelengths using photons and light in the visible lightspectrum and/or the infrared light spectrum, or other portion of theinvisible electromagnetic light spectrum, as discussed below.

Instead of flashlights, LED lights and lasers are typically used tocommunicate information over fiber optical cables in modern digitalcommunication. In this regard, there are three basic ways of modulatingbinary data including ones (1's) and zeros (0's), namely, amplitudeshift keying (ASK), phase shift keying (PSK), and frequency shift keying(FSK). As discussed in the article entitled “Understanding ModernDigital Modulation Techniques,” by Lou Frenzel, published Jul. 14, 2021on the ElectronicDesign website:https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/communications/article/21798737/understanding-modern-digital-modulation-techniques,and also the article “Coherent Binary Modulation techniques” publishedonline by an unknown author, date unknown, on the website:https://ee.eng.usm.my/my/eeacad/mandeep/EEE436/Chp%204.pdf, withreference to radio frequency communication and digital communication,there are two types of amplitude modulation, namely on-off keying (OOK)which is like turning a flashlight on and off to communicate morse code,and in this case ones (1's) and zeros (0's) associated with the binarynumber system, and amplitude shift keying (ASK) which resembles sendingdigital information using two flashlights with one being noticeablybrighter than the other or using one flashlight which has two differentbrightness settings. The latter kind of modulation is sometimes calledintensity modulation or amplitude modulation (AM).

Another form of digital communication is frequency shift keying (FSK)and a popular version of this is called minimum shift keying (MSK) inwhich a higher frequency is used to indicate and represent what iscalled a mark which could identify a one (1), and another lowerfrequency is used to indicate and represent what is called a space whichcan be used to identify a zero (0). The use of Gaussian low pass filterswith (MSK) which is sometimes indicated as (GMSK) has been used toimprove the spectral efficiency of communication on cell phones.

Other methods of digital modulation include binary phase shifting keying(BPSK) which shifts the carrier wave 180 degrees for each change in thebinary state when indicating ones (1's) and zeros (0's) so that thestarting and ending points of the different values begin and end at zeroon the reference line, and differential (BPSK) or (DPSK) which comparesthe phase of the received bit of information with the phase of thepreviously received one. Alternatively, a variation of BPSK known asquadrature PSK (QPSK) produces two carrier signals orientated 90 degreesapart, and the binary data then modulates each phase to produce foursine signals shifted by 45 degrees from one another. This permits twiceas much data to be transmitted.

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) uses four carrier phases and twoamplitude levels, and there exist 16QAM, 64QAM, and 256QAM variationswhich can transmit more bits per symbol by using a mix of differentamplitudes and phases. In this regard, see the document entitled:“Lesson 21, Digital Modulation U.S. Naval Academy,” published by anunknown author, date unknown, on the website:https://www.usna.edu/ECE/ec312/Lessons/wireless/EC645_Lesson_21_Digital_Modulation_Course_Notes.pdf,which provides a discussion and illustrations showing the differentbasic ways of modulating binary data including ones (1's) and zeros(0's) in modern digital communication. The QAM method has been used withregards to cable television, and also with wireless communication suchas cell phones. A hybrid form of PSK and QAM known as amplitude phaseshift keying (APSK) which uses two different amplitudes and 16 differentphase positions has been used in satellite communication. Orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a combination of modulationand also multiplexing which creates many different sub-channels whichare orientated in an orthogonal configuration within a giventransmission channel, and this is one of the most widely used forms ofdigital communication being used today in digital subscriber line (DSL)and 4G cellular systems.

Representing Letters and Words

The current Webster's dictionary includes about 470,000 words, and theconcise Oxford dictionary includes between about 171,476 words. However,it has been estimated that most individuals only have knowledge of about15,000-20,000 word families which are called lemmas in their nativelanguage, and individuals seldom have knowledge of more than 2,000-3,000word families in a foreign language. Accordingly, a concise dictionaryfor use with a computer language can include less than 20,000 lemmas,and even less than 5,000 lemmas. If even only 1,000 or 2,000 andcertainly less than 3,000-5,000 alphabetical letters, words, symbols,and numbers are each individually assigned and coded in order to berepresented and communicated in the form of a square wave or a sine wavehaving a specific frequency and wavelength, then the amount of data inbits, waves, vibes, qubits, or whatever name or form would be given tothe data and information, can possibly be decreased by over 75%. Thefollowing two websites having 1000 and 3000 word lists include the mostcommonly used words in English: https://gonaturalenglish.com; and,https://basicenglishspeaking.com. According to the websitehttp://basicenglishspeaking.com: “If you know these 3000 most commonwords, you can understand at least 95% of all conversations, e-mails,newspapers, and books.” This is one way to create faster computers whichdo not consume as much time and energy as they do today, that is, if thedesire is to make computers 20 times faster, then one way to accomplishthis is to make a new computer language which uses a lot less data inorder to communicate the same information.

The following word classes exist in the English language: noun, verb,adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, determiner, andexclamation. In this regard, a list of words which can be subdividedinto these subclasses can be selected, and also a list of symbols, alist of numbers, and a list of key words or terms relating to computerprogramming language and operations can be selected, listed, andcompiled for making the computer language. In this regard, a formalcomputer language can include and/or be used to create a constructionlanguage, a command language, a configuration language, a programminglanguage, a query language, a transformation language, a data exchangelanguage, a markup language, a modeling language, an architecturedescription language, a hardware description language, a printed pagelanguage, a simulation language, a specification language, a sheet stylelanguage, a domain-specific language, a general-purpose language, anatural language processing language.

In the Java computer programming language, the following words arekeywords which have a special meaning: abstract, assert, Boolean, break,byte, case, char, class, const, continue, default, do, double, else,enum, extends, false, final, finally, float, for, goto, if, implements,import, instanceof, int, interface, long, native, new, null, package,synchronized, this, throw, throws, transient, true, try, void, volatile,while, and these and other keywords and terms can be coded in order tobe represented by individual square or sine wave forms having a specificfrequency and wavelength. Further, in the JAVA computer programminglanguage the following operators are used to perform arithmetic, assignvalues, and compare values: +, −, *, /, %, ++, −−, +, +=, −=, *=, /=,%=, ==, !=, >, >=, <, <=, and these and other operators can be coded inorder to be represented by individual square or sine wave forms having aspecific frequency and wavelength.

The present disclosure is directed to a computer language for softwareapplication development which is not dependent or necessarily based onthe binary system that is now commonly being used in electronic digitalcommunication. The computer language which is being disclosed can becommunicated with the use of photons and sine waves in the visibleand/or invisible portion of the electromagnetic light spectrum.Alternatively, the computer language can be communicated with the use ofelectrons and in an electronic form using square waves, or other waveforms. Alternatively, the computer language can be communicated in ahybrid form with the use of photons and sine waves in the visible and/orinvisible portion of the electromagnetic light spectrum, and incombination with electrons using electronic square waves, or other waveforms.

When the amplitude of a wave is being modulated using square or sinewaves it can be thought of as a form of amplitude modulation (AM), thatis, even though the signal may not be broadcast using radio waves whichis the most common association that most people would have with the termamplitude modulation. It is possible to communicate capital letters andthe other symbols on a keyboard which are normally made with the use ofthe shift, alt, ctrl, and function keys by using amplitude modulation,and to have this method and process match to the character map and ROM,

RAM, and/or Flash memory, Solid State Drive (SSD) memory, or other meansof persisting date and information associated with the integratedcircuit present on a keyboard and/or computer. Alternatively, specificrepresentation and encoding of letters, capital letters, entire words,numbers, and other symbols or operations, and conditions such as yes,no, maybe, and/or can be made using frequency modulation of a squarewave or sine wave as discussed below.

Again, the simple phrase “Run Tag Run” requires at least 72 bits or 9bytes of digital information using conventional 0's and 1's. However,the letter “r” can be alternatively be represented using a square waveor sine wave having an amplitude and a specific frequency andwavelength. In this regard, the same amplitude of a square wave or sinewave can be used to represent all of the letters, capital letters,symbols, numbers, and operations normally provided on a keyboard, butthe frequency and wavelength of the wave can be varied to represent andidentify the specific letter, capital letter, symbol, number, oroperation. Moreover, frequency modulation can not only be used toidentify letters, capital, letters, symbols, numbers, and operations,but also entire words. An entire word can be communicated by a singlesquare or sine wave. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 4 , two square waves havingwavelengths “r” and “s” are used to represent the words “run tag run.”Accordingly, a single square or sine wave can possibly be used toidentify an entire word, or larger groups of words, phrases, sentences,paragraphs, documents, and images.

If the desire is to operate at high speeds in the MHz, GHz, or THzrange, or even faster, the frequency and wavelength of the square waveor sine wave to be used is configured to provide information within thedesired frequency range and the intended or desired speed ofcommunication. For example, the letter “a” can be identified and encodedby a square or sine wave having a frequency of 1 MHz. All of the wordsincluded in a selected dictionary which is listed in the associatedsoftware program that would start with the letter “a” can also beassigned square or sine waves having different frequencies between 2 andlet's say 200 hundred MHz. Alternatively, a different range could beused to include however many words will be included in the dictionarywhich begin with the letter “a.” The same thing can also be done forevery other letter and word in the dictionary B-Z. Alternatively, thelisting, assignment and encoding of alphabetical letters, words,symbols, numbers, and operations, can be done at higher frequencies andshorter wavelengths in the GHz or THz range. When using photons in thevisible or invisible light spectrum to communicate data and informationand possibly then also perform optical and quantum computing, thetypical frequencies for use can be in the GHz and THz range.

When one square wave is being used to communicate one piece ofinformation using a digital process it is normally called one bit ofinformation. Alternatively, when a photon and sine wave corresponding tothe visible light spectrum or an invisible portion of the infrared lightspectrum in the larger electromagnetic spectrum is being used tocommunicate data or information, it can possibly be called a wave, avibe, or a qubit of information. As a result, the three words or phrase“run tag run” could then only require 3 waves, vibes, or qubits to becommunicated instead of at least 72 bits of information. The ratio3/72=X/100, and solving for X equals 4.16%. Accordingly, the amount ofdata being communicated could be reduced by about 95%. This can resultin faster communication speeds, less heat production during operationwhich is something often associated with the fatigue and failure ofelectronic components, and also less energy use.

The speed of communication can also be increased by recognizing thatcertain letters and words are typically used more frequently thanothers. For example, the letters q, j, z, and x are used relativelyinfrequently in the English language. Letters, words, or symbols whichare used less frequently can be assigned to square or sine waves havinglower frequencies withing the range of frequencies and wavelengths beingused for communication relative to other letters or words which are moreoften used. This can be related to a form of data compression which isknown as Huffman Coding. In this regard, a Huffman Coding like algorithmcan be made and used with letters of the alphabet, words, and alsonumbers. For example, the following list which was derived from ananalysis of letters occurring in the main entries of the “Concise OxfordDictionary,” 9^(th) Edition, 1995 which can be found on the website:https://www3.nd.edu/˜busiforc/handouts/cryptygraphy/etterfrequencies.html,ranks the frequency of use of the individual letters of the alphabetfrom most frequent to least frequent use: E, A, R, I, O, T, N, S, L, C,U, D, P, M, H, G, B, F, Y, W, K, V, X, Z, J, and Q. However, otherrankings of alphabetical letters are possible and could be more suitablein view of the nature of the subject matter which is expected to becommunicated and most common letter and word usage of a given populationof users.

In the making of the associated computer software, the desired letters,words, numbers, symbols, and operations which are to be included can beprovided in lists which can be included in the software applicationand/or the data and information and lists can be embedded or otherwiseincluded in RAM, ROM, Flash-memory, Solid State Drive (SSD) memory,optical memory, or other form of memory in which the information can bepersisted, and then be readily accessed by a computer or other datastorage and communication device and user.

It is possible to communicate data and information using electronicinput devices which use metal wire and digital electronic signals whichare connected to a typical silicon based CPU and memory chip in aconventional electronic computer. In this regard, an oscillator circuitsuch as a 555 or 955 timer circuit, a quartz crystal integrated circuit,a vacuum tube oscillator, or other oscillator can be used to generate abaseline or carrier signal in the desired frequency range, and each ofthe possible keystrokes on a keyword or other input device can be routedto a capacitor, resistor, or other electronic component that is incommunication with the oscillator circuit and which can change thefrequency and wavelength of its baseline output to communicate thespecific frequency and wavelength which has been assigned, coded, andmapped to the specific letter, word, number, symbol, operation orfunction, and then communicate this data and information to the siliconbased CPU and memory chip of a conventional electronic computer whichincludes one or more software applications including necessary andsufficient programs, commands, and algorithms to communicate and processthe data and information for a user. However, photonic and optical formsof communication, and optical, electro-optical, and/or quantum computersare capable of performing more complex computations and at fasterspeeds. In this regard, photons in the visible portion of the lightspectrum and/or infrared light in the invisible portion of theelectromagnetic spectrum can be used to communicate letters, words,symbols, numbers, operations, and functions.

Visible light falls in the range of the electromagnetic spectrum betweenultraviolet and infrared light. Visible light frequencies are betweenabout 4×10¹⁴ and 8×10¹⁴ cycles per second (Hz) or about 430-750 trillionHerz (THz), wavelengths in the range between approximately 380-740 nm.One cycle of visible light associated with wavelengths between 400-700nm corresponds to durations in time in the range between about 1.3 and2.3 femtoseconds. The ultraviolet light spectrum includes wavelengths inthe range between approximately 10 nm and 400 nm which corresponds tofrequencies in the range between approximately 30 PHz-750 THz. Theinfrared light spectrum includes wavelengths in the range betweenapproximately 700 nm-1 mm and corresponds to frequencies in the rangebetween approximately 430 THz-300 GHz. In this regard, it is known thatthere can be some overlap as between the visible light spectrum and theinfrared and ultraviolet light spectrums. The invisible portion of theinfrared light spectrum which includes near infrared has a wavelengthbetween approximately 0.75-1.4 micrometers, short infrared has awavelength between approximately 1.4-3 micrometers, mid-length infraredhas a wavelength between approximately 3-8 micrometers, long wavelengthinfrared has a wavelength between approximately 8-15 micrometers, andfar infrared has a wavelength between approximately 15-1,000micrometers.

LED diodes and laser diodes can be used as a source of photons and lightin the visible light spectrum and/or invisible portion of the infraredlight spectrum or other invisible portion of the electromagneticspectrum such as the ultraviolet spectrum. LED diodes emit light byspontaneous emission can be made from a semiconductor compound, e.g.,gallium arsenide phosphide which can provide infrared radiation having awavelength of approximately 850 nm. Other semiconductor compounds can beused in making LED diodes which can provide photons and light in otherportions of the visible light and/or infrared light spectrums. LEDdiodes are available from https://www.mouser.com. Laser diodes emitlight by stimulated emission and are also available in differentwavelengths in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light spectrums.In this regard, see https://www.thorlab.com which is the website forThorlabs which makes many laser diodes having different wavelengths inthe range between 375-2000 nm.

Lasers can be used as a source of photons and light in the visible lightspectrum and/or invisible portion of the infrared light spectrum orother invisible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. For example,so-called ultrafast lasers, femtosecond lasers, picosecond lasers,mode-locked lasers, mode-locked fiber lasers, mode-locked diode lasers,and titanium-sapphire lasers can possibly be used as a source of photonsand light, and some of these lasers are capable of generating photon andlight pulses which have a duration of less than five femtoseconds. Inthe field of optics, femtosecond pulse shaping is used to manipulate andconfigure the temporal domain of an ultra-short laser pulse, and/or thefrequency domain of an ultra-short laser pulse the latter being obtainedusing the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). In this regard, a Michelsoninterferometer is one example of a direct space to time pulse shaperwhich uses a moving mirror. Femtosecond pulse shapers can be collinearor transverse and either static or programmable. Collinear staticshapers typically use a chirped mirror, whereas programmable collinearshapers use an Acousto-optic programmable dispersive filter (AOPDF).Static transverse pulse shapers typically use a stretcher/compressor,whereas programmable transverse pulse shapers use a spatial lightmodulator. Another method and technique for manipulating and configuringan ultrashort laser pulse is called a multiphoton intrapulseinterference phase scan which can use a liquid crystal, a diffractivegrating, and a spatial light modulator (SLM).

One cycle of visible light associated with wavelengths between 400-700nm corresponds to durations in time which are the range between about1.3 and 2.3 femtoseconds. Accordingly, some of the aforementioned laserscan possibly generate between one to four complete cycles of visiblelight in less than 5 femtoseconds depending of the specific visiblelight wavelengths. There are numerous types of lasers being used todayfor fiber optic transmitters, e.g., Vertical-Cavity Surface-EmittingLasers (VCSEls), Fabry-Perot (FP) lasers, and Distributed Feedback (DFP)lasers. In this regard, diode pumped solid state which include fibersdoped with dysprosium, erbium, holmium, neodymium, praseodymium,thulium, and ytterbium can be used. For manufacturers of lasers foroptical communications, see, e.g., https://www.TeraXion.com,https://www.Quantifiphotonics.com, https://www.modulight.com, and,https://www.Vitextech.com.

As previously discussed, a portion of the invisible infrared lightspectrum is being used today by members of the telecom industry totransmit signals through optical fiber cable. Fiber optical cable cantransmit about 100 terabytes (Tb)/second in C and L bands: the C band isbetween 1530-1565 nm; the L band is between 1565-1625 nm; the 0 band isbetween 1260-1360 nm, the E band is between 1360-1460 nm, the S band isbetween 1460-1530 nm, and the U band is between 1625-1675 nm. Digital tooptical converters, and optical to digital converters, and what areoften called optical transceivers are used in order to convert binarydigital data into light and back again. Optical transceivers use aplurality of lasers having different specific wavelengths to convertdigital signals from data switches to optical signals which can betransmitted used fiber optic cables and typically using the wavelengthsbetween 1260-1675 nm which is an invisible portion of the infrared lightspectrum.

Different types of optical transceivers which are made in differentforms in accordance with the multisource agreement include, e.g., Gbic,SFP, SFP+, CFP, CFP2, CFP4, and QSFP28. In brief, there are two mainkinds of optical transceivers, namely, grey or standard transceiverswhich are single channel devices, and single fiber bi-directionaltransceivers which use two different wavelength channels one to transmitand the other to receive data and information over a single opticalfiber strand. Grey transceivers come in different types: short range(SR) 850 nm, long range (LR) 1310 nm, extended range 1550 nm, andfurther extended reach (ZR) also 1550 nm. Single fiber bi-directionaltransceivers typically have two channels at 1310 nm and 1550 nm, but forlong distance transmission typically the two channels are at 1510 nm and1570 nm.

The ultraviolet light spectrum is approximately between 10-400 nm. Inthis regard, UV-A is between 315-400 nm, UV-B is between 280-315 nm,UV-C is between 100-280 nm, near ultraviolet (N-UV) is between 300-400,middle ultraviolet (M-UV) is between 200-300 nm, far ultraviolet (F-UV)is between 122-200 nm, hydrogen Lyman-alpha is between 121-122 nm,extreme ultraviolet (E-UV) is between 10-121 nm, and vacuum ultraviolet(G) is between 10-200 nm. It is possible to use a portion of theultraviolet spectrum to communicate data and information.

When making a computer language for use with a conventional electroniccomputer, an optical computer, a hybrid optical/electronic computer,and/or a quantum computer, the letters of the alphabet, words, symbolsand at least some numbers can be coded and assigned different specificfrequencies and wavelengths. Whether the signal is an electronic one andincludes square waves, or the signal is made using sine waves which arebeing communicated in the visible light spectrum, invisible infraredlight spectrum, or other portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, thedifferent wave forms can be made distinguishable and separated by one ormore nanometers in wavelength, picoseconds, femtoseconds, MHz, GHz, THz,PHz, or other detectable difference in waveform, amplitude, phase,frequency and wavelength, and/or speed so they can be detected withdesired accuracy. It is possible to detect a single photon. Further,differences in color which correspond to differences in frequency andwavelength can be easily detected with an accuracy between 5-10nanometers (nm), and even differences of a single nanometer (nm) can bedetected using a light sensor and/or spectrometer. In this regard, thedifference in frequency and wavelength which can be detected with arequired or desired level of accuracy will here be called the desireddetectable wavelength difference and be indicated in the drawing figuresas (DAD). Alternately, the difference in frequency and wavelength whichcan be detected with a required or desired level of accuracy could alsobe called the desired detectable difference in frequency DDF. Thedesired separation in space and/or time between the end and start ofdifferent alphabetical letters, words, symbols, numbers, or commandswhich can be detected with a required or desired level of accuracy willhere be called the desired detectable separation and be indicated in thedrawing figures as (DS), and the desired difference in amplitude whichcan be detected with a required or desired level of accuracy will herebe called the desired detectable amplitude and be indicated in thedrawing figures as (DA). Communication of different letters of thealphabet, words, symbols, and numbers in the form of photons and sinewaves can be made using fiber optic cables which are known to havelittle or no impedance.

As previously discussed, there are many different forms and means offrequency modulation which have been used with radio communicationand/or digital communication including, but not limited to thefollowing: Slope detection; Ratio detection; Foster-Seeley FMdiscriminator; Phased Locked-Loop demodulator (PLL); Quadraturedetector/demodulator; Minimum Shift Keying Modulation (MSK); and,Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK). RF frequency synthesizers arewidely used in radio communications and these include but are notlimited to: Direct Analogue frequency synthesizers; Direct Digitalfrequency synthesizers (DDS); Indirect Analogue frequency synthesizers(analogue PPL frequency synthesis); Indirect Digital frequencysynthesizers (digital PPL frequency synthesis); and Multiloop PLLFrequency Synthesizers. Some of these methods, techniques, and devicescan be applied to photonic communication using the visible lightspectrum and/or invisible infrared light spectrum, or other invisibleportion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

FIG. 1 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsquare waves representing the alphabetical letter “a” and the two words“and” and “apple.” As shown, the letter “a” is represented by a squarewave having a wavelength (λ) “x,” whereas the word “and” is representedby a square wave having a wavelength “y,” and the word “apple” isrepresented by a square wave having a wavelength “z.” As shown, thesquare waves can be associated with an electronic form of communicationwhich is not based solely on detecting differences in amplitude, butrather on detecting differences in the frequency and wavelength of thesquare waves. Alternatively, other forms of waves can be used, such astriangular or sawtooth waves.

In brief, instead of using the amplitude of square waves to communicatebinary digital data and information in the form of a series of 0's and1's, the frequency and wavelength of square waves or other wave formsare being changed and/or modulated to communicate data and information.It is possible to detect the start or rise and end or fall of a squarewave or other wave form, e.g., using an oscilloscope which can includean adjustable trigger threshold, and so the length of any given waveform can be detected and known. At this time, there are a number ofsoftware applications for oscilloscopes which can be installed and usedon Windows PCs, e.g., “Winscope,” “Soundcard Oscilloscope,”“Oscilloscope,” “Real-Time Spectrum,” “VisualAnalyser,” “AnalogDiscovery 2,” and “Frequency Analyser,” which are reviewed in thearticle entitled: “7 Best Oscilloscope Software for Windows,” by IvanJenic, published Apr. 15, 2020, on the website:https://windowsreport.com/oscilloscope-software-pc-laptop. Other formsof frequency modulation have been used with radio communication, andsimilar techniques can be applied to the detection of electronic waveforms and/or photonic or optical wave forms which can be used tocommunicate data and information in a computer environment. Note: Forthe sake of simplicity, the negative portion of the square waves whichcould possibly appear on or below what is called the 0 and/or referenceline are not shown in the drawing figures which are provided anddiscussed in this disclosure.

FIG. 2 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsquare waves representing the three words “run tag run.” The word “run”is represented by a square wave having a wavelength “r” and the word“tag” is represented by a square wave having a wavelength “s.” As shown,the square waves can be associated with an electronic form ofcommunication which is not based solely on detecting differences inamplitude, but rather on detecting differences in the frequency andwavelength of the square waves. Alternatively, other forms of waves canbe used, such as triangular or sawtooth waves.

FIG. 3 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsine waves representing an alphabetical letter “a” and the two words“and” and “apple.” As shown, the letter “a” is represented by a sinewave having a wavelength “x,” whereas the word “and” is represented by asine wave having a wavelength “y,” and the word “apple” is representedby a sine wave having a wavelength “z.” The use of the term “sine wave”in this disclosure shall be used to broadly refer to any sine wave formsuch a sine wave, a cosine wave, or analog wave form which is smooth andcontinuous, whereas square waves are stepping, square, and discrete.Sine waves can be associated with a form of sound or audio communicationand/or a form of photonic and optical communication. In this regard, itis possible for sound or audio communication to be converted to photonicor optical communication, and vice-versa. Perhaps, the first example ofsuch a device is taught in U.S. 235,199 by Alexander Graham Bell, andthis patent is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Further, thesound track of feature films is optically embedded in the filmsubstrate, and in the past this process was synchronized using amovieola device. The sound track(s) on feature films is later convertedinto audio output with the use of optical-electrical converters includedin the film projectors used in movie theaters so that it can be heard.

FIG. 4 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsine waves representing the three words “run tag run.” The word “run” isrepresented by a sine wave having a wavelength “r” and the word “tag” isrepresented by a sine wave having a wavelength “s.” As shown, the sinewaves can be associated with an electronic form of communication whichis not based solely on detecting differences in amplitude, but rather ondetecting differences in the frequency and wavelength of the sine waves.

Representing Numbers

The use of the binary number system and digital communication forrepresenting numbers and operations in computer languages can result incertain inaccuracies, and also consume substantial memory. When usingthe binary number system with a computer each number between 1-10requires 8 bits or one byte of information. Most individuals do not usemany large numbers in their daily communications, but scientists oftendo so and computers now use the binary system and digital methods inorder to communicate numbers and perform calculations. In order toimprove the speed of transmission and processing of the large numbers ofbits which are typically used in digital communication, various meansand methods of bit-rate reduction and/or data compression have beencreated and used. For example, Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW), MP3, discretecosine transform (DCT), JPEG, Blue Ray, and Dolby True HD are someexamples of communication formats which use different forms of datacompression.

It is possible to assign to each commonly used value or number in agiven base number system a specific frequency and wavelength which canthen serve as its code to represent and communicate the individual valueor number. Most individuals do not often use numbers having a valuegreater than one million, and numbers having a value less than 1,000 arethe most commonly used. Accordingly, for some software applications anduser populations encoding a relatively small and finite number of valuesand numbers can be efficacious. However, because there are infinitenumbers in the mathematical universe, assigning to each number aspecific frequency and wavelength of a square or sine wave in order toidentify and code a number could be impractical or impossible, that is,depending on how many numbers are to be represented and encoded.Accordingly, there is a need for other efficient ways to represent andcommunicate numbers.

Before modern electronic calculators and computers were made availableto the general public in the 1970's, slide rule devices, and logarithmswhich were first developed by John Napier in 1614 were commonly used tosimplify mathematical calculations. In brief, a logarithm is the inversefunction to exponentiation. The logarithm of a number x is the exponentto which another number which is known as the base must be raised toproduce that number x. For example, the notation log₂ 8=3 which is 2×2×2or 2³=8 is an example of a binary logarithm. The logarithm which usesbase number 10 is called the decimal or common logarithm and is oftenused in science and engineering. The so-called natural logarithm usesthe base number e=2.718 and it is often used in the fields ofmathematics and physics. Many calculations can be simplified by usinglogarithms. For example, the multiplication or product oflog_(b)(xy)=log_(b)x+log_(b)y; the division or quotient oflog_(b)x/y=log_(b)x−log_(b)y; the power of log_(b)x^(p)=p log_(b)x; andthe root of log_(b) ^(p)√/x=log_(b)x/p. Tables of logarithms werecreated by Henry Biggs in 1617, and then were later greatly expanded.Logarithms, and various mathematical equations and operations usingthem, as well as large tables of logarithms can be written and placedinto a computer language, code, and related algorithms. As discussedearlier in the background section, the speed and efficiency of moderncomputer chips and computers is beginning to encounter certainlimitations. Accordingly, the use of exponential and/or logarithmrepresentation of numbers and also simple mathematical operations suchas addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can help toprovide for the development of methods and processes for reducing theamount of data which is presently required and commonly being used torepresent and communicate numbers.

In number theory, the decomposition of a composite number into a productof smaller integers is called integer factorization. If and when thesefactors are restricted to prime numbers the process is called primefactorization. When the numbers being factored are sufficiently large,there is currently no known efficient algorithm which can run on aclassical computer in order to calculate these factors in polynomialtime, that is, in a timely manner. In order to introduce this subjectand disclose an alternative method of compressing data and representingnumbers, here are some values and/or numbers between 0-100: 0; 1; andthere exist 26 prime numbers between 0-100, namely, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13,17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89,and 97. All of the rest of the numbers between 0-100 are compositenumbers. In this regard, the composite numbers between 0-100 can beexpressed by 14 prime numbers, namely, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23,29, 37, 41, 43, and 47, as discussed and shown below. In brief, besidesthe values or numbers 0 and 1 only 24 prime numbers are required toexpress all values and numbers between 0-100, which is a total of 26values and/or numbers. This can be used to perform what is here calledprime number data compression. 101 values or numbers minus 26 values ornumbers equals a reduction of 75 values or numbers which isapproximately 75%. Accordingly, it is possible to use a form of primefactorization to reduce what can be seen as the redundancy associatedwith having to express each individual composite number. While classicalcomputers have lacked the computing power and speed to perform integerand/or prime factorization in polynomial time, something which istypically calculated using what is called Big 0 Notation, quantumcomputers which can use Peter Shor's Algorithm created in 1994 arecapable of performing such tasks, e.g., see the article “How PeterShor's Algorithm Dooms RSA Encryption To Failure,” by John Loeffler,published May 2, 2019, on the website:https://interestingengineering.com/how-peter-shors-algorithm-dooms-rsa-encrytion-to-failure.In this regard, the numbers 2 and 3 are the most often used prime numberfactors when expressing composite numbers up to 100. For example, hereare some of the possible factors that can be used to represent andproduce composite numbers up to 100.

Prime Number Data Compression

2 × 2 = 4 2² = 4 2 × 3 = 6 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 2³ = 8 3 × 3 = 9 3³ = 9 2 × 5 =10 2 × 2 × 3 = 12 2² × 3 = 12 2 × 7 = 14 3 × 5 = 15 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 162⁴ = 16 2 × 3 × 3 = 18  2 × 3² = 18 2 × 2 × 5 = 20 2² × 5 = 20 3 × 7 =21 2 × 11 = 22 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24 2³ × 3 = 24 5 × 5 = 25 5² = 25 2 × 13= 26 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 3³ = 27 2 × 2 × 7 = 28 2² × 7 = 28 2 × 3 × 5 = 30 2× 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 32 2⁵ = 32 3 × 11 = 33 2 × 17 = 34 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 362² × 3² = 36 2 × 19 = 38 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 = 40 2³ × 5 = 40 2 × 3 × 7 = 42 2× 2 × 11 = 44 2² × 11 = 44 3 × 3 × 5 = 45 3² × 5 = 45 2 × 23 = 46 2 × 2× 2 × 2 × 3 = 48 2⁴ × 3 = 48 2 × 5 × 5 = 50  2 × 5² = 50 2 × 2 × 13 = 522² × 13 = 52 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 54  2 × 3³ = 54 5 × 11 = 55 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 =56 2³ × 7 = 56 2 × 29 = 58 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 60 2² × 3 × 5 = 60 2 × 31 =62 3 × 21 = 63 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 64 2⁶ = 64 5 × 13 = 65 2 × 3 × 11= 66 2 × 2 × 17 = 68 2² × 17 = 68 3 × 23 = 69 2 × 5 × 7 = 70 2 × 2 × 2 ×3 × 3 = 72 2³ × 3² = 72 2 × 37 = 74 3 × 5 × 5 = 75  3 × 5² = 75 2 × 2 ×19 = 76 2² × 19 = 76 7 × 11 = 77 2 × 3 × 13 = 78 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 = 802⁴ × 5 = 80 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81 3⁴ = 81 2 × 41 = 82 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 = 84 2²× 3 × 7 = 84 5 × 17 = 85 2 × 43 = 86 3 × 29 = 87 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 = 88 2³× 11 = 88 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 90  2 × 3² × 5 = 90 7 × 13 = 91 2 × 2 × 23 =92 2² × 23 = 92 3 × 31 = 93 2 × 47 = 94 5 × 19 = 95 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 ×3 = 96 2⁵ × 3 = 96 2 × 7 × 7 = 98  2 × 7² = 98 3 × 3 × 11 = 99 3² × 11 =99 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 = 100 2² × 5² = 100

Even if and when the desire is to express composite numbers in thebinary base 2 number system, that is, instead of the decimal base 10number system, this same method of data compression can be used.

Data Compression Using the Values and/or Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 2^(n), 3,3^(n)

All of the values and numbers between 0-100 can be expressed by thefollowing: 0, 1, 2, 2², 2³, 2⁴, 2⁵, 2,⁶ 3, 3², 3³, 3⁴, and the use ofaddition. Here are the values and numbers between 0-100 showing some ofthe possible prime number combinations which provide solutions:

 0  1  2  3  4 = 2²  5 = 2 + 3  6 = 2² + 2  7 = 2² + 3  8 = 2³  9 = 3² 10 = 2³ + 2  11 = 3² + 2  12 = 3² + 3 or 2³ + 2³  13 = 3² + 2²  14 =3² + 3 + 2 or 2³ + 2² + 2  15 = 3² + 2² + 2  16 = 2⁴  17 = 3² + 2³  18 =3² + 3²  19 = 2⁴ + 3  20 = 2⁴ + 2²  21 = 3² + 2³ + 2²  22 = 2³ + 2² + 2 23 = 2³ + 2² + 3  24 = 2⁴ + 2³  25 = 3² + 2⁴ or 5²  26 = 3² + 3² + 2³ 27 = 3³  28 = 2⁴ + 2³ + 2²  29 = 3³ + 2  30 = 3³ + 3  31 = 3³ + 2²  32= 2⁵  33 = 3² + 2⁴ + 2³  34 = 3² + 3² + 2⁴  35 = 3³ + 2³  36 = 2⁵ + 2² 37 = 3² + 2⁴ + 2³  38 = 3³ + 2³ + 3  39 = 3³ + 2⁴ + 2²  40 = 2⁵ + 2² 41 = 3² + 2⁵  42 = 3² + 3² + 2⁴ + 2³ or 2⁵ + 2³ + 2  43 = 3³ + 2⁴  44 =2⁵ + 2³ + 2²  45 = 3² + 2⁵ + 2²  46 = 2⁵ + 2³ + 2² + 2  47 = 3³ + 2⁴ +2²  48 = 2⁵ + 2⁴  49 = 3² + 2⁵ + 2³  50 = 3² + 3² + 2⁵  51 = 3³ + 2³ +2⁴  52 = 2⁵ + 2⁴ + 2²  53 = 3² + 2⁵ + 2³ + 2²  54 = 3³ + 3³  55 = 3³ +2⁴ + 2³ + 2²  56 = 2⁵ + 2⁴ + 2³  57 = 3² + 2⁵ + 2⁴  58 = 3³ + 3² + 2² +2  59 = 3³ + 2⁵  60 = 2⁵ + 2⁴ + 2³ + 2²  61 = 3³ + 2⁵ + 2 or 3² + 2⁵ +2⁴ + 2²  62 = 3³ + 3³ + 2³  63 = 3³ + 2⁵ + 2²  64 = 2⁶  65 = 3² + 2⁵ +2⁴ + 2³  66 = 2⁶ + 2  67 = 2⁶ + 3 or 3³ + 3³ + 3² + 2²  68 = 2⁶ + 2²  69= 2⁶ + 3 + 2  70 = 2⁶ + 2² + 2  71 = 3³ + 3² + 2⁵ + 3  72 = 2⁶ + 2³  73= 3² + 2⁶  74 = 3³ + 3² + 2⁵ + 2⁴  75 = 3³ + 2⁵ + 2⁴ or 5³  76 = 3³ +3² + 2⁵ + 2³  77 = 3² + 2⁶ + 2²  78 = 3³ + 3³ + 2⁵ + 2  79 = 3³ + 2⁵ +2⁴ + 2²  80 = 2⁶ + 2⁴  81 = 3⁴  82 = 3² + 3² + 2⁶  83 = 3⁴ + 2  84 =2⁶ + 2⁴ + 2²  85 = 3⁴ + 2²  86 = 3⁴ + 2 + 3  87 = 3⁴ + 2² + 2  88 = 2⁶ +2⁴ + 2³  89 = 3⁴ + 2³  90 = 3⁴ + 3²  91 = 3³ + 2⁶  92 = 2⁶ + 2⁴ + 2³ +2²  93 = 3² + 2⁶ + 2⁴ + 2²  94 = 3⁴ + 3² + 2²  95 = 3³ + 2⁶ + 2²  96 =2⁶ + 2⁵  97 = 3⁴ + 2⁴  98 = 3³ + 2⁶ + 2² + 3  99 = 2⁶ + 2⁵ + 3 100 =3⁴ + 2⁴ + 3

In fact, all positive whole numbers can be expressed by the values andnumbers 0, 1, 2, 2^(n), 3, 3^(n), and the use of addition. For example,here is the number 678=3⁵+3³+2⁸+2⁷+2⁴+2³. The number 678 can berepresented by 6 sine waves, vibes, or qubits, plus 5 more for the plussigns for a total of 11 waves, vibes, or qubits. However, when it wouldbe understood and/or programmed with computer software that the seriesof numbers or values would be added then only 6 waves, vibes, or qubitswould be required, whereas the same number in binary is 01010100110which is 11 bits. It is common to represent very large numbers byindicating their nth exponential power in base 10, e.g., onemillion=1×10⁶. The above discussion and the provided examples show thatit is possible to represent a positive number in some combination of thevalues or numbers 0, 1, 2, 2^(n), 3, 3^(n). For example, in order torepresent all numbers between 0-678, only the values and/or numbers 0,1, 2, 2²2³, 2⁴, 2⁵,2⁶, 2⁷, 2⁸, 3, 3², 3³, 3⁴ (and perhaps a few moreexponential powers of 2 and 3) would be required, thus a total of onlyabout 14 different values and numbers. Accordingly, it is possible touse 0, 1, 2, 2^(n), 3, 3^(n) in order to represent positive numbers andthe number of bits and amount of processing time and memory normallyrequired to do so can sometimes then be reduced relative to the currentat least 8 bit per number method that is being widely used today.

2¹⁰=1,0243²⁰=59,0493²⁰=3,486,784,401

In binary language, this last number 3,486,784,401 is:0110011111110101000001101110010001 which is 34 bits. Each of thesevalues and/or numbers can be communicated using either a square wavehaving a specific frequency and wavelength which is conducive to digitalcommunication, and/or a sine wave having a specific frequency andwavelength which is conducive to optical communication and also opticaland quantum computing. In either case, only 1 or 2 photonic or opticalwaves, vibes, or qubits would be required to represent 3²⁰ which isequal to 3,486,784,401 and coded as 0110011111110101000001101110010001in binary notation. Instead of only using of the values and numbers 0,1, 2, 2^(n), 3, 3^(n), the prime number 5, 5^(n), or other largernumbers could also be used in order to reduce the number of bitsrequired to express larger numbers.

5¹⁰=9,765,6255²⁰=95,367,431,600,000

Accordingly, it is possible to represent very large numbers withoutusing exponents which have values greater than 20. The numbers 0, 1, 2,2^(n), 3, 3^(n), 5, 5^(n) with n up to the 20^(th) power can be placedinto ROM, RAM, Flash, Solid State Drive (SSD) and/or optical memory, orother means of persisting data and information. This does not requirethe listing or storage of many different values and numbers. Obviously,other prime numbers and their exponential forms can be used to representlarge numbers. Accordingly, the present disclosure relates to thedevelopment of a language and code for software development to performmathematical computations on a conventional CPU logic chip, an opticalCPU logic chip, a hybrid CPU logic and memory chip, a hybrid optical CPUlogic and memory optical chip, or a hybrid CPU logic chip and opticalmemory chip, or vice-versa, using a form of data compression. As aresult, the length of resulting digital and/or optical communicationsand the power required to make calculations can be reduced andprocessing speed increased. In this regard, one example of a hybrid andcombined logic and memory chip is now being called a processing inmemory (PIM) circuit or chip which uses neural networks and resistiverandom access memory (RRAM-PIM) to process and persist data andinformation, as discussed in the article “Research Brings AnalogComputers Just One Step From Digital,” by Brandie Jefferson published byTechxplore.com on Dec. 8, 2021:https://techxplore.com/news/2021-12-analog-digital.html.

Square waves or sine waves can be used to represent both the baseportion of a number and also the exponent portion. In drawing FIGS.5-12, 15, and 16 , for the sake of simplicity and in order to facilitateunderstanding and comprehension for the readers of this disclosure thebase portion and the exponent portions of various numbers are shown ontwo separate lines which resemble two different signal channels as couldbe seen on an oscilloscope. It can be readily understood that if thewave forms shown in FIGS. 5-12, 15, and 16 on the two lines would beadded and combined there would instead be one or more resultant waveforms shown on a single line. Drawing FIGS. 13-14, 25, and 26 show sinewaves representing the base portion and exponent portions of variousnumbers individually on a single line. It can be readily understood thatif the sine waves showing the base portions and exponent portions inFIGS. 13-14, 25, and 26 would be added and combined then one or morelarger resultant sine waves could then be derived and shown on a singleline. Drawing FIGS. 32-33 show the numbers 5, 2, 3 represented asindividual sine waves on a single line. It can be readily understoodthat if the three numbers 5, 2, 3 would be summed together and/orcommunicated at the same time then one or more larger resultant sinewave could be derived and shown on a single line.

When multiple individual wave forms are combined to derive and create aresultant wave form the frequencies of the individual wave forms cannevertheless be known, represented and communicated using the FastFourier Transform (FFT) Algorithm which computes the discrete FourierTransform (DFT) of a sequence, or its inverse which is called theinverse discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT). The Faster Fourier TransformFFT is widely used in engineering, mathematics, music, and science,e.g., see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast (Fourier Transform),https://youtu.be/h7apO7q16V0, and the Lecture Collection entitled “TheFourier Transforms and Its Applications,” by Professor Brad Osgood ofStanford University which includes 30 lectures, the following Youtubelinks being to Lectures 1-5: https://youtu.be/gZNm7L96pfY,https://youtu.be/1rqJl7Rs6ps, https://youtu.be/BjBb5IlrNsQ,https://youtu.be/n5IB7nn2eA, and https://youtu.be/X5qRpgfQld4. Forinformation on using the Fast Fourier Transform FFT Algorithm with theJava computer language, see, e.g., the article “Fun With Java,Understanding the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Algorithm,” by Richard G.Baldwin published Jan. 5, 2005, on the website,https://developer.com/java/fun-with-Java-understanding-the-fast-fourier-transform-fft-algorithm/;“FFT.java,” published on the website,http://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/97data/FFT.java.html, by PrincetonUniversity, author unknown, on Jan. 14, 2020; and, “FFT in Java,”published on the website,https://www.imaging.utk.edu/reseach/inarvaez/ece572/reports/FFT_java%20tips.pdf,by Ingrid Narvaez, of the University of Tennessee.

Accordingly, data and information in wave form can be represented andcommunicated with the amplitude being shown on the vertical axis andtime being shown on the horizontal axis of a graph, and the data andinformation can possibly include a plurality of individual wave formswhich may overlap one another and then form one or more resultant waveforms, but with the use of the Fast Fourier Transform the data andinformation can be processed and represented to show amplitude on the xaxis and frequency on the y axis of a graph, or another other tangiblemedium of expression in order to represent and show the individualfrequencies of the plurality of individual wave forms which are includedin the resultant wave forms. For example, see drawing FIGS. 34-36 andrelated discussion of this subject in greater detail below. In thisregard, it is possible to communicate a plurality of letters, words,symbols, numbers, or commands, simultaneously, or nearly so, usingphotons and visible light and/or invisible infrared light, or otherinvisible light portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and theindividual wave forms and frequencies which have been assigned and codedto represent each letter, word, symbol, number, or command can berepresented, identified, read and understood by a user of a computer orother data storage and processing device which includes a softwareapplication which includes a compilation of programs, codes, lists,algorithms, and commands for processing, manipulating, and storing dataand information. While the use of an optical computer, electro-opticalhybrid computer, or quantum computer can provide for higher processingspeeds and/or the ability to perform more complex calculations andoperations, the use of square waves and digital communication using thebinary system can also be used to represent and process data andinformation in the temporal domain and the Fast Fourier Transform canthen be used to show information in the frequency domain.

FIG. 5 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinglarge square waves representing the base portion of numbers 1, 2, and 3,and small square waves representing the exponent portion of the numbers.As shown, the value of the exponent portion can be communicated in asingle block or multiple portions which are shown in phantom dashedlines. FIG. 6 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscopeshowing large sine waves representing the base portion of numbers 1, 2,and 3, and small sine waves representing the exponent portion of thenumbers.

Alternatively, it is possible to combine both a square wave and sinewave in communication and then use, e.g., a sine wave to represent thebase portion of a number and a square wave to represent the exponentportion, or vice-versa. In this regard, FIG. 7 shows a representation ofthe screen of an oscilloscope showing large square waves representingthe base portion of numbers 1, 2, and 3, and sine waves representing theexponent portion of the numbers. FIG. 8 shows a representation of thescreen of an oscilloscope showing sine waves representing the baseportion of numbers 1, 2, and 3, and square waves representing theexponent portion of the numbers.

As shown in FIG. 5 , a square wave having an amplitude and wavelengthcan be used to represent the base portion of the number 1 and a smallersquare wave can be used to represent its exponent portion 1, thus thevalue of the number in view of its exponent is 1. Further, a square wavehaving a different wavelength can be used to represent the base portionof the number 2 and either one or two smaller square waves can be usedto represent its exponent 2, thus the value of the number in view of theexponent is 4. In addition, a square wave having a different wavelengthcan be used to represent the base portion of the number 3, and eitherone or three smaller square waves can be used to represent its exponent3, thus the value of the number in view the exponent is 27: 1¹=1, and2²=4, and 3³=27, and so a sum of these three numbers would be 32. Inthis example, it can be seen that the frequency and wavelength of thesquare waves representing the base portion of the numbers 1, 2, and 3are proportional, but this need not be the case.

As shown in FIG. 6 , a sine wave having an amplitude and wavelength canbe used to represent the base portion of the number 1 and a smaller sinewave can be used to represent its exponent 1, thus the value of thenumber in view of its exponent is 1. Further, a sine wave having adifferent wavelength can be used to represent the base portion of thenumber 2 and two smaller sine waves can be used to represent itsexponent 2, thus the value of the number in view of the exponent is 4.In addition, a sine wave having a different wavelength can be used torepresent the base portion of the number 3, and three smaller sine wavescan be used to represent the exponent 3: 1¹=1, and 2²=4, and 3³=27, andso the sum of these three numbers would be 32. In this example, it canbe seen that the frequency and wavelength of the sine waves representingthe base portion of the numbers 1, 2, and 3 are proportional, but thisneed not be the case.

As shown in FIG. 7 , the same kind of thing can be done using squarewaves to represent the base and sine waves to represent the exponent ofa number: 1¹=1, and 2²=4, and 3³=27. If and when desired, the sum ofthese three numbers would be 32. In this example, it can be seen thatthe frequency and wavelength of the sine waves representing the baseportion of the numbers 1, 2, and 3 are proportional, but this need notbe the case. Further, it would not typically be the case that a digitalsquare wave would be used to communicate one portion of the value of anumber, and then a sine wave be used to represent another portion of thevalue of a number, at least not unless the information was beingprocessed in series or parallel and then possibly by hybrid chip thatwould be capable of both a digital and optical processing capability.Alternatively, it can be readily understood that if the sine waveshaving values 1¹=1, and 2²=4, and 3³ would instead be changed to havethe values 1, 2, and 3 in this drawing figure, then drawing FIG. 7 couldbe used to show a possible conversion of data and information from adigital format which uses square waves to an analog one which uses sinewaves.

As shown in FIG. 8 , the same kind of thing can be done using sine wavesto represent the base and square waves to represent the exponent: 1¹=1,and 2²=4, and 3³=27. If and when desired the sum of these three numberswould be 32. In this example, it can be seen that the frequency andwavelength of the sine waves representing the base portion of thenumbers 1, 2, and 3 are proportional, but this need not be the case.Once again, it would not typically be the case that a digital squarewave would be used to communicate one portion of the value of a number,and then a sine wave be used to represent another portion of the valueof a number, at least not unless the information was being processed inseries or parallel and then possibly by hybrid chip that would becapable of both a digital and optical processing capability.Alternatively, it can be readily understood that if the values 1¹=1, and2²=4, and 3³ would be changed to 1, 2, and 3 in this drawing figure,then drawing FIG. 8 could be used to represent a possible conversion ofdata and information from a digital format which uses square waves to ananalog one which uses sine waves.

Again, 3²⁰=3,486,784,401. In binary, this number is coded andrepresented as: 0110011111110101000001101110010001 which is 34 bits.However, a sine wave having a specific frequency and wavelength could beused to represent and communicate the base number 3 in 3²⁰, and adifferent sine wave having a specific frequency and wavelength which canbe communicated nearly or actually simultaneously could be used torepresent the exponent 10²⁰. This would only require one or two waves,vibes or qubits of information, as opposed to the 34 bits of informationrequired when using the binary system.

FIG. 9 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingmultiple square waves representing the base portion of numbers 1, 2, and3, and also small square waves representing the exponent portion of thenumbers. In this case, the number of cycles of the base portion of thenumber represent the value of the base number, and the number of cyclesof the exponent representing the exponent portion of the numberrepresent the value of the exponent. The base and exponent sine wavesare nearly or actually coincident in time, and: 1¹=1, and 2²=4, and3³=27. If and when desired, the sum of these three numbers would be 32.

FIG. 10 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingsine waves representing the base portion of numbers 1, 2, and 3, andalso small sine waves representing the exponent portion of the numbers.In this case, the number of cycles of the exponent represent the valueof the exponent and the base and exponent sine waves are also nearly oractually coincident in time: 1¹=1, and 2²=4, and 3³=27. If and whendesired, the sum of these three numbers would be 32.

FIG. 11 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinga first line including large square waves representing the base portionof numbers 1, 2, and 3, and a second line at a different amplitudeincluding small square waves representing the exponent portion of thebase numbers and which are offset in time. In this case, the wavelengthof the base portion of the number represents the value of the basenumber, and the number of cycles of the exponent represents the value ofthe exponent: 1¹=1, and 2²=4, and 3³=27. If and when desired, the sum ofthese three numbers would be 32.

FIG. 12 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinga first line including large sine waves representing the base portion ofnumbers 1, 2, and 3, and a second line at a different amplitudeincluding small sine waves representing the exponent portion of the basenumbers and which are offset in time. In this case, the wavelength ofthe base portion of the number represents the value of the base number,and the number of cycles of the exponent represents the value of theexponent: 1¹=1, and 2²=4, and 3³=27. If and when desired, the sum ofthese three numbers would be 32.

FIG. 13 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinglarge sine waves having greater amplitude representing the base portionof the numbers or values 1 and 2, and also small sine waves havinglesser amplitude representing the exponent portion of the numberdisposed on and about the same 0 axis and reference line: 1¹=1, and1°=1, and 2¹=2, and 2²=4. If and when desired, the sum of these fournumbers would be 8. Alternatively, large square waves could be used torepresent the base portion of the numbers 1 and 2, and small squarewaves could be used to represent their corresponding exponents. It canbe readily understood that the possible overlapping and summation of aplurality sine waves on a single reference line or graph can derive andresult in one or more resultant waves being created in which theindividual contributing sine wave forms may or may not be discernable tothe human eye, but nevertheless be detectible using the Fast FourierTransform Algorithm which is discussed in greater detail below.

FIG. 14 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingthree large sine waves having greater amplitude representing the baseportion of number 3, and also two small sine waves having lesseramplitude representing 2 which is the exponent portion of the number 3disposed on the same 0 axis: 3²=9. Alternatively, large square wavescould be used to represent the base portion of the number 3, and twosmall square waves could be used to represent its exponent 2. Again, itcan be readily understood that the possible overlapping and summation ofa plurality sine waves on a single reference line or graph can deriveand result in one or more resultant waves being created in which theindividual contributing sine wave forms may or may not be discernable tothe human eye, but nevertheless be detectible using the Fast FourierTransform Algorithm which is discussed in greater detail below.

FIG. 15 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinglarge square waves representing the base portion of numbers 1 and 2, andsmall sine waves disposed on nearly the same axis representing theexponent portion of the numbers. It can be seen the 1¹=1, and 2⁰=1 andso it can be used to represent 1, and 2¹=2, and 2²=4. If and whendesired, the sum of these four numbers would be 8. However, it would nottypically be the case that a digital square wave would be used tocommunicate one portion of the value of a number, and then a sine wavebe used to represent another portion of the value of a number, at leastnot unless the information was being processed in series or parallel andthen possibly by hybrid chip that would be capable of both a digital andoptical processing capability.

FIG. 16 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinglarge square waves representing the base portion of number 3, and smallsine waves disposed on nearly the same axis representing the exponentportion of the numbers. 3¹=3, and 3²=9, and 3³=27. If and when desired,the sum of these three numbers would be 39. Also shown in FIG. 16 usingdashed phantom lines, the space between the number 3¹=3 and 3²=9 canhave a positive amplitude elevated above the 0 axis and this can be usedto represent addition, and the space between the number 3²=9 and 3³=27can have a different positive amplitude above the 0 axis and this can beused to represent subtraction, and the space after the square waverepresenting the number 3³=27 can have a different positive amplitudeabove the 0 axis and this can be used to represent division. Otherstructures, forms, and ways of representing and communicatingmathematical calculations and operations can be used. Again, it wouldnot typically be the case that a digital square wave would be used torepresent and communicate one portion of the value of a number, and thena sine wave be used to represent another portion of the value of anumber, at least not unless the information was being processed inseries or parallel and then possibly by hybrid chip that would becapable of both a digital and optical processing capability. FIG. 15 andFIG. 16 have shown square waves being used to represent the base portionof the numbers, and sine waves to represent the exponent portions.Alternatively, the base portion of the numbers included in FIGS. 15 and16 could be represented in sine waves, as has been shown in FIG. 10 ,FIG. 13 , and FIG. 14 .

FIG. 17 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinglarge square waves representing the base portion of the numbers 2 and 3,and small and sometimes multiple square waves having about half theamplitude representing the exponent portion following the base portionof the numbers and disposed on the same axis. In this way, theinformation concerning the value of the base number and exponent can becommunicated in a digital signal having a single data stream.

FIG. 18 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinglarge square waves representing the base portion of the numbers 2 and 3,and also small single square waves having about half the amplituderepresenting the exponent portion following the base portion of thenumbers which are disposed on the same axis. In this way, theinformation concerning the value of the base number and exponent can becommunicated in a digital signal having a single data stream, and onlysingle square waves are used to represent the exponents of the basenumbers.

FIG. 19 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinglarge sine waves representing the base portion of the numbers 2 and 3,and small and sometimes multiple sine waves having less than half theamplitude representing the exponent portion following the base portionof the numbers which are disposed on the same axis. In this way, theinformation concerning the value of the base number and exponent can becommunicated in an analog signal having a single data stream.

FIG. 20 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinglarge sine waves representing the base portion of the numbers 2 and 3,and small single sine waves having less than half the amplituderepresenting the exponent portion following the base portion of thenumbers which are disposed on the same axis. In this way, theinformation concerning the value of the base number and exponent can becommunicated in an analog signal having a single data stream, and onlysingle sine waves are used to represent the exponents of the basenumbers.

FIG. 21 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinga series of single large square waves representing the base portion andexponent portion of the numbers 1, 2, and 3, which could also be used torepresent other numbers or values such as 1, 2² and 3², and which aredisposed on the same axis. The square waves are spaced apart in time bya desired detectable separation in time for accuracy indicated as (DS),and have a desired detectable amplitude (DA), and a desired detectablewavelength (X) difference (DXD)=x, and/or multiples thereof.

FIG. 22 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinga series of single large sine waves representing the base portion andexponent portion of the numbers 1, 2, and 3, which could also be used torepresent other numbers or values such as 1, 2² and 3², and which aredisposed on the same axis. The sine waves are spaced apart in time by adesired separation in time for accuracy (DS). Further, the length of thewavelengths of the sine waves are different from one another by adesired detectable wavelength difference (DXD)=x. As shown, if thenumber 1 is represented by a sine wave having length x, then the number2 can be represented by a sine wave having length x+y, that is, whichexceeds the desired detectable wavelength difference x by a detectabledifference y, and the number 3 can be represented by x+y+y. Otherdesired separations in time (DS) and desired detectable wavelengthdifferences (DXD), and desired detectable differences in amplitude (DA)can be used. It can be readily understood that various desiredseparations in time (DS) and desired detectable wavelength differences(DXD), and also desired detectable differences in amplitude (DA) can beused and applied to all of the drawing figures and examples discussed inthis disclosure, and that a software application which includes suitableprograms which can include codes, commands, and algorithms can read andcommunicate such data and information and execute commands and runprograms to perform calculations and operations using this information.

Algorithms, data structures, and other methods and techniques used incomputer science include but are not limited to the following: AhoCorasick String Matching; Algebraic-Group Factorization Algorithms;Algorithm to Detect Cycle; Articulation Points in a Graph; AKS PrimalityTest; Bach's Algorithm; Backpropagation Through A Neural Network; BeamSearch Algorithm; Bell Ford Algorithm; Big 0 Notation; Binary SearchAlgorithm; Binary Indexed Tree or Fenwick Tree; Binary Search Trees;Boyer-Moore Majority Vote Algorithm; Breadth First Search Algorithm;Bridges in a Graph; Bubble Sort Algorithm; Bucket Sort Algorithm;Buchberger's Algorithm; Canonical Representation OF A Positive Number;Catalan Numbers; Convex Hull/Jarvis's Algorithm; Compression; ContinuedFraction Factorization (CFRAC); Counting Inversions; Counting SortAlgorithm; Data Compression; Depth First Search Algorithm;Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange; Dijkstra's Algorithm; Dinic's Algorithm;Discrete Differentiation; Disjoint-Set Data Structure; Distance-VectorRoutine Protocol Algorithm (DVRPA); Dixon's Algorithm; DynamicProgramming; Euclid's Algorithm; Euler's Factorization Method; Euler'sTotient Function; Expectation-Maximization Algorithm; FactorialCalculation; Factorization; Fermat's Factorization Method; FerrersDiagrams; Finite Automata Algorithm for Pattern Searching; Flood FillAlgorithm; Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Algorithm; Floyd's CycleDetection Algorithm; Floyd Warshall Algorithm; Ford-Fulkerson Algorithm;Gaussian Elimination to Solve Linear Equations; General Number FieldSieve (GNFS); Graham Scan; Gradient Decent Algorithm; Graphs; GraphSearch Algorithm; Hashing; Heap Sort Algorithm; Hoperoft-Karp Algorithmfor Maximum Matching; Huffman Coding Compression Algorithm; HungarianAlgorithm; Insertion Sort Algorithm; Interval Tree; Introsort Algorithm;Johnson's Algorithm; Kadane's Algorithm; Karatsuba Multiplication;Kahn's Topological Sort Algorithm; K Dimensional Tree; Key ExchangeEncryption Algorithm; KMP Algorithm; Kraitchik Family Algorithm;Kruskal's Algorithm; Lee Algorithm; Lenstra Elliptical CurveFactorization; Link Cut; Linked List; Link-State Routing ProtocolAlgorithm (LSRPA); Logarithmic Exponentiation; Lowest Common Ancestor;LLL Algorithm; Matrix Exponentiation; Matrix Rank; Merge Sort Algorithm;Minimum Spanning Tree Algorithms; Modular Exponentiation; ModularMultiplicative Inverse; Mo's Algorithm; Multiplicative Partition;Newton's Method; Order Statistics; PageRank Algorithm, P-ADIC Order;Partition In Number Theory; Pollard's P−1 Algorithm; Pollard's RhoAlgorithm; Primality Testing Algorithms such as the Sieve ofEratosthenes, the Fermat Primality Test and the Miller-Rabin PrimalityTest; Prime Factorization; Q Learning; Quadratic Sieve Algorithm;Queues; Quick Select Algorithm; Quick Sort Algorithm; Rabin KarpAlgorithm; Random Sample Consensus Algorithm; Range Minimum Query;Rational Sieve; Recursion Functions; Regular Expression; RSA Algorithm;Schonhage-Strassen Algorithm; Segmented Sieve; Segment Tree; SelectionSort Algorithm; Shank's Square Forms Factorization (SQUFOF); Shor'sAlgorithm; Simplex Algorithm; Singular Value Decomposition (SVD);Solving a System of Linear Equations; Square Root of an Integer; Stacks;String Matching and Parsing; Transmission Control Protocol/InternetProtocol (TCP/IP) Algorithms; Trial Division Factorization Method; Trie;Trees; Topological Sort Algorithm; Union Find Algorithm; ViterbiAlgorithm; Wheel Factorization; William's p+1 Algorithm; Wilson'sTheorem; Young Diagrams; and, Z's Algorithm, and these and otheralgorithms, data structures, and methods and techniques used in computerscience can be used in the development of software applications whichcan represent and communicate alphabetical letters, words, numbers,symbols, operations, and other processes including the communication ofdata and information and the use of computers and other devices forprocessing, manipulating, and storing data and information.

Representation of Numbers in Base 10

It is also possible to use and represent the common values and numbersassociated with base 10, namely, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, byrepresenting the base portion of these value or numbers with a square orsine wave, and also the exponent portion of these and other numbers withanother square or sine wave. For example, it is possible to representthe base portion of values or numbers and the exponent portion of thosevalues or numbers using photons and sine waves in the visible lightspectrum and/or visible or invisible portion of the infrared lightspectrum, or other invisible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

For example:Given the number 124:4×10⁰=4 which is in the ones column;2×10¹=20 which is in the tens column; and,1×10²=100 which is in the hundreds column.

The number 124 in base 10 can be thought of as being a compressedexpression with there being 1 of 10 in the hundreds column, 2 of 10 inthe tens column, and 4 of 10 in the ones column, which are addedtogether to represent and provide the value and number 124. In order torepresent 124, a first sine wave having a specific frequency and awavelength to communicate the base number 1 can be communicated nearlyor actually simultaneously with a second sine wave having a specificfrequency and wavelength to communicate the exponent for representing10² to represent the value and number 100, a third sine wave having adifferent specific frequency and wavelength can communicate the basenumber 2 nearly or actually simultaneously with a fourth sine wavehaving a different frequency and wavelength to communicate the exponent10¹ and represent the value and number 20, and a fifth sine wave havinga different frequency and wavelength to communicate the base number 4=2²nearly or actually simultaneously can be communicated with a sixth sinewave having a different frequency and wavelength to communicate theexponent 10⁰ to represent the value and number 4. All of the sine wavesto represent the number 124 can be communicated nearly or actuallysimultaneously when photons and sine waves in the visible spectrumand/or infrared electromagnetic light spectrum are used.

With the use of optical means of communication and optical logic andmemory chips and/or other photonic devices the number 124 can thenrequire only 3 or 6 waves, vibes, or qubits which can be communicatedand processed nearly or actually simultaneously instead of using thebinary representation of 124 which is 1111100 and requires 7 bits ofinformation which are processed sequentially and also considerablyslower by electrons moving in wire and conventional silicon CPU andmemory chips. In this regard, it is possible for a conductive wire andalso optical fiber cable to communicate hundreds or thousands ofsignals, but optical fiber cable can communicate faster at THz speedswithout a significant amount of impedance, and also uses less energy. Incontrast, the use of the binary system and its relatively narrow andslow stream of digital 0's and 1's can be like trying to drink a riverwith a straw.

Again, one of the ways to communicate and process more information athigher speeds is to decrease the number of bits, waves, vibes, or qubitsthat are required to communicate a phrase like “Run Tag Run” from 72bits to 3 waves, vibes, or qubits, or depending on the softwareapplication can program being run, perhaps it would be 5 waves, vibes,or qubits counting the spaces between the words. In this regard, fiberoptic cable can be used to carry photons and sine waves in the visiblelight spectrum, and the visible and/or invisible portion of the infraredelectromagnetic light spectrum to communicate alphabetical letters,words, symbols, and the base portion and also the exponent portion of avalue or number in base 10, or any other number system. If desired,optical fiber cable can communicate a plurality of alphabetical letters,words, paragraphs, and documents nearly or actually simultaneously inthe range of THz speeds. Accordingly, optical fiber cable and opticalcomputing can potentially provide faster communication and processingspeeds than can conventional electronic digital communication andcomputing because of its ability to nearly or actually simultaneouslycommunicate data and information and also because photons and light cantypically travel about 20 times faster in optical cable and opticalchips than digital electronic signals can travel in metal wire andconventional computer chips made of silicon. Once again, the number3,486,784,401 expressed in binary form is0110011111110101000001101110010001 which is 34 bits. However, the abovediscussion shows that 3,486,784,401 could be represented in base 10 in10-20 waves, vibes, or qubits that could be communicated nearly oractually simultaneously as though only one bit was somehow alternativelybeing communicated digitally. The previous discussion also shows that3,486,784,401 can be represented as 3²⁰ which could require the use ofonly one or two waves, vibes, or qubits. While the introduction ofabbreviations and specialized vocabulary can make computer languagesharder for individuals to learn and communicate in different spokenlanguages, the abbreviation or representation of 3,486,784,401 by using3²⁰ is not problematic because the use of base 10 is widely accepted andunderstood. Accordingly, the use of photons and sine waves tocommunicate data and information and optical computers which canfacilitate quantum computing has the potential to surpass theperformance of conventional electronic computers for many tasks andpurposes.

FIG. 23 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinga series of sine waves representing the base portions and also theexponent portions of the individual numbers which can be used torepresent and communicate the numbers 124. In this regard,1×10²+2×10¹+4×10⁰=124. The base numbers 1, 2, and 4 are represented bysine waves having the same amplitude, but different frequencies andwavelengths. The exponent portions 10², 10¹, and 10⁰ are representedusing sine waves having smaller amplitude than the base portion, andalso different frequencies and wavelengths. As shown, for the sake ofclarity in this disclosure, there is a short separation in time asbetween the base portion of each number and its corresponding exponent,but this need not be the case.

FIG. 24 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinga series of sine waves representing the base portions and also theexponent portions of the individual numbers which can be used torepresent and communicate the number 124. In this regard,1×10²+2×10¹+4×10⁰=124. The base numbers 1, 2, and 4 are represented bysine waves having the same amplitude, but different frequencies andwavelengths. The exponent portions 10², 10¹, and 10⁰ are representedusing sine waves having different amplitudes from one another, but thesame frequencies and wavelengths. As shown, for the sake of clarity inthis disclosure, there is a short separation in time as between the baseportion of each number and its corresponding exponent, but this need notbe the case.

FIG. 25 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingtwo sine waves which are phase shifted relative to one another. Thefirst sine wave on the left represents the base portion of a number andhas the value 10, and the second sine wave on the right which can havethe same amplitude and general shape can represent the exponent portionof the number and has the value 2, and so the base portion and exponentportion can represent and communicate 10² which is the number 100. Inthis regard, a portion of the center reference line which rests at 0 hasbeen deleted in order to better illustrate four points in time. In thisexample, each point indicates and represents a potential phase shift ofthe second sine wave and represents a corresponding change in itsnumerical value. The first point to the right of the first sign wavecorresponds to the exponent 1 and represents 10¹, the second point tothe exponent 2 and represents 10², and so the second sign wave begins onthat second point in this example. The amount of phase shifting canpossibly be made very small and even be in picoseconds (PS) which is0.000000000001/second, or femtoseconds (FS) which is 0.000000000000001/second. This example shows how different numbers or other values can berepresented by sine waves which are phase shifted and then used tocommunicate data and information to optical, hybrid electro-optical,and/or quantum computers. A software application including a compilationof programs, commands, and algorithms can be configured to identify andcommunicate the value 100 which is being represented and communicated inFIG. 25 . It can be readily understood that the possible overlapping andsummation of a plurality sine waves on a single reference line or graphcan be used to derive and result in one or more resultant waves beingcreated in which the individual contributing sine wave forms may or maynot be discernable to the human eye, but they can nevertheless bedetectible using the Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm which is discussedin greater detail below.

Moreover, it is possible for many different values and numbers to berepresented and communicated by using the base 10 number system or adifferent base number system as the base portion of a number and usingvalues or numbers derived from a logarithm table as the exponent portionof the number. For example, the first sine wave shown on the left inFIG. 25 can once again be used to represent and communicate the baseportion of a number in base 10 having the value 10, but instead of theposition of the second sine wave shown on the right in FIG. 25 beingused to represent an exponent having the value 2, the amount to whichthe second sine wave is phase shifted can be used to represent adifferent exponent taken from a logarithm table such as 0.301029996,thus the value of the number which could be represented bylog₁₀x=0.301029996 would be 2. In FIG. 25 , the value 0.301029996 wouldthen be located between the start of the first sine wave and the firstindicated point to the right of the start of the first sine wave, andthe second sine wave representing the exponent would then start in thatlocation. Alternatively, if the value of the exponent taken from alogarithm table would be 0.698970004 the number which could berepresented by log₁₀x=0.698970004 would be 5. In FIG. 25 , the value0.698970004 would then be also be located between the start of the firstsine wave and the first indicated point to the right of the start of thefirst sine wave, and the second sine wave representing the exponentwould then start in that location. Alternatively, if the value of theexponent taken from a logarithm table would be 2.093411685, the value ofthe number which could be represented by log₁₀x=2.093411685 would be124. In FIG. 25 , the value 2.093411685 would then be located betweenthe second and third points indicated to the right of the start of thefirst sine wave, and the second sine wave representing the exponentwould then start in that location. In this regard, a base portion of anumber and an exponent portion can be used to represent and communicatepositive numbers, and also other kinds of numbers. The values of theexponents provided in some logarithm tables can be on the order of1×10⁻¹², but since the amount of phase shifting can possibly be madevery small and even be in picoseconds (PS) which is0.000000000001/second, or femtoseconds (FS) which is0.000000000000001/second, and visible light wavelengths as well asultraviolet and infrared wavelengths are on the order of about 2femtoseconds (FS), it is possible to represent and communicate exponentswhich are on the order of 1×10⁻¹² by using phase shifting, and otherforms of modulation. Alternatively, the described methods and techniquesincluding phase shifting could be used with at least two square waves,or other wave forms to represent and communicate data and information.

FIG. 26 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showinga plurality of sine waves which are phase shifted relative to oneanother and which represent the base portion and also the exponentportion of three numbers which can be used to represent and communicatethe number 124. The first sine wave on the left represents the baseportion of the number 1, and the second sine wave which can possiblyhave a different amplitude and general shape can represent its exponent2 in base 10 and be phase shifted as previously discussed to representand communicate 10². The third sine wave from the left represents thebase portion of the number 2, and the fourth sine wave which representsits exponent 1 in base 10 is phase shifted in time to represent andcommunicate 10¹. The fifth sine wave from the left represents the baseportion of the number 4, and the sixth sine wave which represents itsexponent 0 in base 10 is phase shifted in time by 0 to represent andcommunicate 10°. Accordingly, a software application including acompilation of programs, commands, and algorithms can be configured toadd the three numbers, that is, 100+20+4=124, to yield the sum 124 whichis then being represented and communicated in FIG. 26 . As shown, forthe sake of clarity in this disclosure, the three pairs of sine wavesare separated by breaks as would occur when the numbers would be enteredand communicated using a keyboard, but this would not need to be thecase if and when the numbers would be part of a data and informationcommunication or stream that would be communicated, e.g., over fiberoptical cables, and also possibly then be processed using an optical CPUand memory chip in an optical and/or quantum computer. In this regard,the individual sine waves associated with the values and numbers 1×10²,2×10¹, and 4×10° which indicate and represent the sum and number 124could also be nearly or actually communicated simultaneously, and thennear or at the speed of light. Again, when a series of numbers isentered using a keyboard or other device, a software application caninclude programs, commands, and algorithms which cause those numbers tobe added to derive and represent a number or value in base 10.Alternatively, mathematic operators such as add +, minus −, multiply x,divide /, and other operations and functions can be indicated andrepresented by using corresponding sine waves having individually codedand assigned frequencies and wavelengths which indicate and representdesired operations and/or functions. Other number systems besides thebinary and decimal number systems can be similarly represented andencoded, and so can other types of numbers such negative numbers,imaginary numbers, and complex numbers. Moreover, the methods andprocesses disclosed with reference to drawing FIGS. 25 and 26 and theirdiscussion can also be applied to the use of electrons and square wavesor other wave forms to represent and communicate data and information inelectronic communication, e.g., a first square wave can be used torepresent the base portion of a number in base 10, or other base numbersystem, and a second square wave of the same or different amplitudeand/or wave form can be phase shifted or otherwise be modulated torepresent the exponent portion of the number.

FIG. 27 is a prior art representation of an ultra short pulse which canbe used to communicate information which has been reproduced from thewebsite: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrashort_pulse. Shown is anultra short pulse which corresponds to an electrical pulse which has aduration of about 200 femoseconds (fs). As previously discussed, thefrequency and wavelength of visible light corresponds to only about 2femoseconds. Accordingly, this drawing figure can be used to show howmuch faster photons and light can potentially communicate data andinformation relative to forms of electronic communication which useelectrons in wires.

In this regard, in FIG. 28 and also in other drawing figures such asFIGS. 7, 8, 15, and 16 , where photonic sine waves and electronic squarewaves are represented together for illustrative purposes, the caveathere being made in this disclosure is that sine wave forms associatedwith photons and light would typically be so small and their frequencywould also be so fast that they would typically not be easily seen whenrepresented on the same amplitude and time scale as electronicallygenerated square waves. For this reason, the representation of sinewaves corresponding to photons and visible and/or invisible light havesometimes been enlarged and/or simplified so that individuals will beable to follow and understand the key points and teachings made in thisdisclosure. In addition, for the sake of clarity, many of the drawingfigures associated with this disclosure have represented one cycle of asine wave or square wave and/or a series of different individual sinewaves or square waves having only one cycle, but this need not be thecase. While it is possible to generate and detect a single photon andoptical sine wave, in view of the high frequency and speed of light andalso the possible need or desire for a certain redundancy in order toensure accurate detection and communication, the generation anddetection of multiple cycles of a given sine wave or square wave cansometimes be desired. In this regard, the production and transmission ofa signal including a plurality of photons in optical computing orelectrons in electronic computing having a characteristic frequency andwavelength can in some circumstances provide for a more robust signaland enhance the ability to detect and accurately interpret thecommunication of data and information.

FIG. 28 is a representation showing two different sine waves and alsotwo different square waves which are each separated by break. This imagehas been provided to represent how data and information which iscommunicated by a keyboard could look when being communicated digitallyusing square waves, or optically with the use of sine waves. Forexample, when an individual depresses a key on a computer keyboard acontinuous square or sine wave signal which communicates that keystrokecan be generated, but when the keystroke ends the signal isdiscontinued. The pushing of a space bar after entering at least oneletter or a series of alphabetical letters to indicate and represent aword, or a symbol to indicate and represent a command, function, oroperation, or a number or a series of numbers to indicate and representa larger number, can then communicate with the use of a softwareapplication including programs including suitable codes, commands andalgorithms that a completed piece of data and information has beencommunicated which can and should be read and persisted by a computer orother data communication, storage, and manipulation device.

At this time, different models exist and are being used to communicatedata in various telecommunications and computer networking environments.The Open Systems Interconnection Model (OSI model) includes seven layersand characterizes and attempts to standardize the communication of dataand information. The OSI model was defined in ISO/IED 7498 whichincludes the following parts: ISO/IED 7498-1 which is the basic model;ISO/IED 7498-2 which relates to security architecture; ISO/IEC 7498-3which relates to naming and addressing; and, ISO/IEC 7498-4 relating tomanagement framework. However, various other designs and models for dataand information communication have been developed such as the InternetProtocol Suite which includes four layers and is commonly known as theTransmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), or moresimply, the TCP/IP protocols which are being widely used today. Lists ofexisting network protocols can be found on the website:https://wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_network_protocols. When data is beingcommunicated in telecommunications and computer networking, the data andother related information is typically configured in what is called apacket which is a formatted unit of data. A packet is sometimes alsocalled a block, a cell, a datagram, or a frame, that is, depending onthe data communication protocol which is being used. In this regard, thepacket typically contains control information, and also user data andinformation which is called the payload. The control information istypically located in headers and footers or trailers and these portionscan contain, e.g., the source and destination network addresses, errordetection codes, and sequencing information. In this regard, errordetection and correction can be performed at different layers of aprotocol stack, and the packets can contain checksum, parity bits orcyclic redundance checks to detect for errors. One or more of thedifferent models, methods, and processes which are being used tocommunicate data and information in various telecommunication andcomputer network environments can be configured and adapted to be usedwith one or more of the structures, methods, and processes discussed andshown in the present disclosure, and vice-versa, that is, thestructures, methods, and processes relating to making a computerlanguage and code for software application development, datacompression, and use with conventional, optical, hybrid electro-opticaland quantum computers can be configured and adapted to be used with oneor more of the different models, methods, and processes which are beingused to communicate data and information in various telecommunicationand computer network environments.

FIG. 29 shows a flow chart which relates to a conventional computer, anoptical computer, electro-optical hybrid computer, and/or a quantumcomputer which is generally similar to that shown in FIG. 30 . Theprocessor(s) can include one or more conventional silicon CPUs and/oroptical microprocessor chips and other photonic devices which can enablequantum computing. The input device(s) 28 can include a keyboard 2, gamecontroller 5, camera 6, mouse 21, headset 24 including a microphone 3,and other devices. The display 30 can include an integral display screen6 and/or external display screen 6. The camera 6 can include an integralcamera 6 of the computer 1 and/or an external camera 6. The audio I/O 29can include speakers which are integral or external to the computer 1,and microphones 3 which are integral to the computer 1 and/or otheraudio devices which are external to the computer 1. This could includeinterfaces for recording musical instruments and mixing and editingmusic such as the Universal Audio Apollo x8p. The wireless devices 32can include wireless devices such as cell phones, wireless communicationsystems, printers, Bluetooth and internet or other wi-fi connectionswhich can communicate with the computer 1. The location awareness 33 caninclude any means or device which can provide the computer 1 and a userwith the location of the computer and/or communicate the location of thecomputer 1 to an external GPS or other location tracking system or thirdparty. The other interface(s) 34 can include any other interface whichcan be integral or external to the computer 1 for communication withexternal devices, networks, the internet, and other sources of data andinformation and communication.

With reference to FIGS. 29 and 30 , and regarding a pure or completeoptical computer, a signal including data and information can beproduced and communicated using a keyboard 2, a mouse 21, a microphoneor other voice recognition device 3, or a camera 6 which can use anelectronic digital system and be connected by a wire cable 4 or awireless system to the optical computer 1. Alternatively, the data andinformation can be provided or converted to photonic and optical form byone or more of the aforementioned devices and communicated to theoptical computer 1 using a fiber optic cable 4. The photonic data andinformation can then be directed to an optical processor 27 locatedinside the computer 1 which is shown in FIG. 30 with dashed lines, whichcan send the data and information through logic gates which can be partof a neural network which can permit quantum entanglement and/or aquantum superposition capability. At least some of the data andinformation being processed can be sent to an optical memory chip 26which is located inside the computer 1 and so is shown in FIG. 30 withdashed lines, or alternatively, to a different data and informationstorage means, where it can be saved and persisted. After theinformation is saved and if the program needs to use it, the program canthen send a command to the optical processor 27 which can send a commandto receive the information. The program can then receive the informationand also sent a signal back to the optical processor 27 to tell it thatthe task is complete.

The detailed structures, methods, and processes associated with makingand operating optical computers, hybrid electro-optical computers, andquantum computers are recited in the prior art patents that have beenpreviously incorporated by reference herein above, and the reciteddocuments speak for themselves. A brief discussion of just a few of thestructures and methods recited in some of these patents is provided herefor those individuals who may not be familiar with or have time toreview the prior art. Lasers from III and V groups on the periodic tableusing indium phosphide and silicon nitride, or LED's can be used aslight sources. One or more optical microresonators can be included on ornear an optical chip to generate at least one microcomb which cansqueeze photons into small circular loops about the size of a millimeterin order convert the photons from a single wavelength to many differentwavelengths or modes and so facilitate multiplexing, quantumentanglement, superposition, and quantum computing. In order to make anoptical computer chip, transistors which utilize constructive ordestructive light interference can be used to create optical ordigital/optical logic gates. In this regard, liquid crystal structures,or nano-crystals made, e.g., from diamond, germanium, quartz, ruby,salt, sapphire, silicon, or other crystalline materials which havedesired lattice structures and other physical properties can be used tomake logic gates which can be connected to neural networks. Prisms,filters, mirrors, diffraction gratings, and other structures can be usedto manipulate and process photonic data and information. Somecrystalline materials can be encoded by a laser, LED, or other lightsource to make holographic optical memory chips. The following articlesprovide information on optical CPU's and/or memory chips: “Light-BasedMemory Chip Is the First To Permanently Store Data, by Robert F.Service, published on Sep. 25, 2015 on the website:https://www.science.org/content/article/light-based-memory-chip-first-permanently-store-data;“Optical RAM And Integrated Optical Memories: A Survey/Light: Science &Applications,” by Theoni Alexoudi, George Theodore Kanellos & NikosPleros, published on May 25, 2020 on the website:https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https;//www.nature.com/articles/s41377-020-0325-9&ved=2ahUKEwjOx46w9af1AhUdk4EHaxyBewQFnoECAUQAQ&us=AOvVaw3AP8OD47MCuab09vB2Kkqr;and, “New Optical Memory Cell Achieves Record Data-Storage Density,”published by the Oxford News Blog on Dec. 21, 2018 on the website:https://www.ox.ac.uk/new/science-blog/new-optical-memory-cell-achieves-record-data-storage-density-0.

Optical computers computers can send and receive photonic and opticalsine waves in multiple frequencies and wavelengths in order tocommunicate data and information in series or parallel and near or atthe speed of light. Hybrid electro-optical computers can include one ormore structures which require the conversion of information in anoptical form to binary and digital form and/or vice-versa, and thisrequirement can reduce processing speeds and require more energy.

FIG. 30 shows a keyboard 2, a game controller 5, a mouse 21, and aheadset 24 including a microphone 3 for communicating data andinformation to a computer 1 which has an integral keyboard 2 and touchpad 23 and can be an optical, hybrid electro-optical, and/or quantumcomputer. Many different types of keyboards exist, but most existingkeyboards use mechanical switches. Capacitive keyboards also exist, asdo virtual laser keyboards. Wireless keyboards exist. All of these andother types of keyboards can be adapted to communicate letters, words,symbols, numbers and operations using frequency modulation and/oramplitude modulation of electronic signals and/or optical signals. Someof the methods of representing letters of the alphabet, words, symbols,and numbers discussed herein can also be used with conventionalcomputers which use the digital binary number system and wires connectedto silicon based CPUs and memory storage systems. In this regard, anoscillator such as a 555 or 955 timer circuit can be used to send acarrier or baseline square wave signal. Alternatively, an oscillatingquartz crystal circuit, a vacuum tube oscillator circuit, or otheroscillator can be used to send a carrier baseline square wave or sinewave signal, but the wave form can then be changed in frequency andwavelength by individual keystrokes on a keyboard, or by using voicerecognition equipment in order to communicate specific information. Forexample, when using a 555 or 955 timer circuit, changing the value ofthe main capacitor will change the oscillation rate of the circuit, andso can changing one or both of the two main resistors. Accordingly, eachkey on a keyboard can be linked to a capacitor having a different valuethat can be placed in a parallel with the main capacitor on the 555 or955 timer circuit by a keystroke and the resulting output value of thetwo capacitors in combination will then change the frequency andwavelength of the baseline oscillation to one that specificallyindicates and represents the letter, number, symbol, or operationassociated with the particular keystroke. In this way, letters, words,symbols, numbers and operations can be communicated by what will here becalled a string of different digital square waves having differentspecific and identifying frequencies and wavelengths. Alternatively,synthetic quartz crystals can be used to make oscillators or resonatorshaving a frequency between 800 KHz and 300 MHz in a crystal oscillatorcircuit. Mode locked oscillators can produce short pulses in the rangeof picoseconds and femtoseconds. The Seiko Epson 56-8003 series providesan example of a modern programmable quartz crystal oscillator, e.g., theEpson SG-8003CG.

Keyboards and vocal means of data and information input are relativelyslow processes, and so when these means would be used to input data andinformation using conventional digital devices and the binary numbersystem, it would not greatly affect the processing speed of an opticalcomputer, a hybrid electro-optical computer and/or quantum computer.However, somewhere in the chain of equipment and data and informationflow those digital signals would need to be converted into analogphotonic or optical signals. Digital to optical and also optical todigital converters exist, but converting data and information back andforth takes time, and it is also associated with the production of heatand use of energy.

An optical keyboard, microphone or other voice recognition device whichcan use fiber optical cables to communicate photons and sine waves inthe visible light spectrum and/or invisible portion of the infraredelectromagnetic light spectrum to an optical computer which uses anoptical CPU and memory chip or other means of persisting data andinformation can be used to enable and facilitate quantum computing.Whether using a keyboard with mechanical switches or a capacitivekeyboard, a keystroke can be linked to a circuit associated with a lightsource and which changes the light output from either no output or froma baseline output to a different output by changing, e.g., theresistance or capacitance of the relevant portion of the associatedintegrated circuit and/or by changing, e.g., the transmittance,absorbance, filtering, reflection, scattering and/or dispersion of thelight source so that the frequency and wavelength of the photonic outputcan be selectively changed. Instead of using electrons and the binarydigital number system to make and communicate a signal, a source oflight photons such as one or more LEDs, liquid crystals, or lasers canbe used to generate the optical signal. In this regard, light sourceswhich can generate photons and light in the visible light spectrumand/or invisible portion of the infrared electromagnetic spectrum can beused.

A conventional keyboard having mechanical switches or a capacitivekeyboard will typically have an integrated circuit including a charactermap which identifies each individual keystroke. These keyboards send theinformation, e.g., that the letter “a” has been actuated, by sending thedata and information using the binary system of 0's and 1's which isthen communicated digitally using a conductive metal wire to a computer.The following discussion will address how to make a keyboard which canbe used to communicate information in the form of photons and sine waveshaving frequencies and wavelengths in the visible light spectrum and/orinvisible portion of the infrared electromagnetic spectrum. In thisregard, a discussion will be provided regarding how television screensproduce and represent different colors.

Computer keyboard commands, functions, operations and/or shortcutstypically include, but are not limited to: Alt, Backspace, Caps Lock,Ctrl, Delete, End, Enter, Esc, Fn, Home, Insert, Num LK, Pgdn, Pgup,Pause Break, Prt SC SYSRQ, Scr Lk, Shift, Spacebar, Tab, Windows,Ctrl+A, Ctrl+C (or Ctrl+Insert), Ctrl+X, Ctrl+V (or Shift+Insert),Ctrl+Z, Ctrl+Y, Ctrl+Shift+N, Alt+F4, Ctrl+D (Del), Shift+Delete,Alt+Tab, PrtScn, Windows key+I, Windows key+E, Windows key+A, Windowskey+D, Windows key+L, Windows key+V, Windows key+Period (.) or semicolon(;), Windows key+PrtScn, Windows key+Shift+S, Windows key+Left arrowkey, Windows key+Right arrow key, Keyboard shortcut, Windows key (orCtrl+Esc), Ctrl+Arrow keys, Ctrl+Shift+Esc, Ctrl+Shift, Alt+F4, Ctrl+F5(or Ctrl+R), Ctrl+Alt+Tab, Ctrl+Arrow keys (to select)+Spacebar,Alt+Underlined letter, Alt+Tab, Alt+Left arrow key, Alt+Right arrow key,Alt+Page Up, Alt+Page Down, Alt+Esc, Alt+Spacebar, Alt+F8, Shift+Clickapp button, Ctrl+Shift+Click app button, Shift+Right-click app button,Ctrl+Click a grouped app button, Shift+Right-click grouped app button,Ctrl+Left arrow key, Ctrl+Right arrow key, Ctrl+Up arrow key, Ctrl+Downarrow key, Ctrl+Shift+Arrow key, Ctrl+Spacebar, Shift+F10, Shift+Arrowkeys, Windows key+X, Windows key+Number (0-9), Windows key+T, Windowskey+Alt+Number (0-9), Windows key+D, Windows key+M, Windows key+Shift+M,Windows key+Home, Windows key+Shift+Up arrow key, Windows key+Shift+Downarrow key, Windows key+Shift+Left arrow key, Windows key+Shift+Rightarrow key, Windows key+Left arrow key, Windows key+Right arrow key,Windows key+S (or Q), Windows key+Alt+D, Windows key+Tab, Windowskey+Ctrl+D, Windows key+Ctrl+F4, Windows key+Ctrl+Right arrow, Windowskey+Ctrl+Left arrow, Windows key+P, Windows key+A, Windows key+I,Windows key+E, Alt+D, Ctrl+E (or F), Ctrl+N, Ctrl+W, Ctrl+F (or F3),Ctrl+Mouse scroll wheel, Ctrl+Shift+E, Ctrl+Shift+N, Ctrl+L,Ctrl+Shift+Number (1-8), Alt+P, Alt+Enter, Alt+Right arrow key, Alt+Leftarrow key (or Backspace), Alt+Up arrow, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8,F9, F10, F11, F12, Ctrl+Tab, Ctrl+Shift+Tab, Ctrl+number of tab, Tab,Shift+Tab, Alt+underline letter, Spacebar, Arrow keys, Ctrl+A, Ctrl+C(or Ctrl+Insert), Ctrl+V (or Shift+Insert), Ctrl+M, Ctrl+Up arrow key,Ctrl+Down arrow key, Ctrl+F, Left or right arrow keys, Up or down arrowkeys, Page Up, Page Down, Ctrl+Home, Ctrl+End, Windows key, Windowskey+A, Windows key+S (or Q), Windows key+D, Windows key+L, Windowskey+M, Windows key+B, Windows key+C, Windows key+F, Windows key+G,Windows key+Y, Windows key+0, Windows key+T, Windows key+Z, Windowskey+J, Windows key+H, Windows key+E, Windows key+I, Windows key+R,Windows key+K, Windows key+X, Windows key+V, Windows key+W, Windowskey+U, Windows key+P, Windows key+Ctrl+Enter, Windows key+Plus (+),Windows key+Minus (−), Windows key+Esc, Windows key+Forward-slash (/),Windows key+Comma (,), Windows key+Up arrow key, Windows key+Down arrowkey, Windows key+Home, Windows key+Shift+M, Windows key+Shift+Up arrowkey, Windows key+Shift+Down arrow key, Windows key+Shift+Left arrow key,Windows key+Shift+Right arrow key, Windows key+Left arrow key, Windowskey+Right arrow key, Windows key+Number (0-9), Windows key+Shift+Number(0-9), Windows key+Ctrl+Number (0-9), Windows key+Alt+Number (0-9),Windows key+Ctrl+Shift+Number (0-9), Windows key+Ctrl+Spacebar, Windowskey+Spacebar, Windows key+Tab, Windows key+Ctrl+D, Windows key+Ctrl+F4,Windows key+Ctrl+Right arrow, Windows key+Ctrl+Left arrow, Windowskey+Ctrl+Shift+B, Windows key+PrtScn, Windows key+Shift+S, Windowskey+Shift+V, Windows key+Ctrl+F, Windows key+Ctrl+Q, Windows key+Alt+D,Windows key+Period (.) or semicolon (;), Windows key+Pause. All of thesedifferent commands, functions, operations, and/or shortcuts can becommunicated using visible light and/or infrared light in the invisibleportion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Modern television screens include only blue, green, and red pixels.Depending on whether one or more of these three blue, green, and redcolor pixels are being provided with power, or how much relativeelectrical energy is being provided to the individual pixels, that is,the amplitude of the color pixels, it is possible to reproduce or renderall of the colors in the visible light spectrum. A television set doesnot require thousands of individual pixels having different uniquecolors in order to provide color rendering. The human eye also has coneswhich can see blue, green, and red light, but we can nevertheless seethousands of different unique colors. Likewise, it is possible to userelatively few values and numbers to represent and communicate datawhether the data consists of words, numbers, symbols, or operations.

In this regard, here is one example how different values and numbers canbe represented using light. Number 0 can represent and be analogous toblack on a television screen. In modern television screens, black istypically rendered with the use of a controllable second polarizer whichabsorbs all light. Number 1 can represent and be analogous to white on atelevision screen. In modern television screens, white is rendered byall three red, green, and blue light pixels being on. Number 2 canrepresent and be analogous to the color blue on a television screen.Number 3 can represent and be analogous to the color green on atelevision screen. Number 5 can represent and be analogous to the colorred on a television screen. As previously discussed, using the valuesand numbers 0, 1, 2, 2^(n), 3, 3^(n), 5, and 5^(n) we can represent allpositive numbers just as the modern television set can represent allcolors by using only blue, green, and red pixels. Other types of numberssuch as negative numbers, fractions, imaginary numbers, complex numbers,and mathematical operations besides addition, such as subtraction,multiplication, and division can be represented using a relatively smallcollection of colors.

The caveat with respect to this discussion being that while old cathoderay tube televisions use the excitement of different colored phosphorsto generate blue, green, and red colors, the rendering of other colorswas done using the RGB color model which is an additive process. Forexample, the RGB white point was often rendered by combining 464 nm bluewith 549 nm green with 612 nm red. Many modern LED, liquid crystal, andplasma screens still use a generally similar RGB color model andadditive process. As a result, humans may perceive, e.g., the colorviolet because of the addition of red and blue, but the screen may notbe emitting light having the specific frequency and wavelengthassociated with the color violet. The web-safe color palette used withmany early computer screens only included 6³=216 colors, but nowmillions of colors are being supported by modern computers. However,when the desire is to communicate information using the visible lightspectrum or invisible portion of the infrared light spectrum using awide bandwidth it can be necessary to actually generate and use thefrequencies and wavelengths of light in the desired bandwidth and notrely upon an additive process. As previously discussed, the differentcolors used to indicate and represent or encode data and information,that is, the different frequencies and wavelength can correspond to aportion of the visible light spectrum, and/or invisible portion of theinfrared light spectrum, or other invisible portion of theelectromagnetic spectrum.

FIG. 30 shows an optical, hybrid electro-optical, and/or quantumcomputer 1 which includes an integral keyboard 2, camera 6, screen 22,touch pad 23, and also a plurality of connectors 25 for coupling with awire or fiber optical cable 4 which can be used to removably secure anaccessory device. Also shown is an accessory keyboard 2, a gamecontroller 5, a mouse 21, and a headset 24 including a microphone 3 andwire or fiber optical cable 4. The wire or fiber optical cables 4 on themouse 21, game controller 5, and accessory keyboard 2 are shown withparts broken away in order to simply the drawing figure. One or more ofthe integral computer keyboard 2, the accessory keyboard 2, the gamecontroller 5, the mouse 21, the headset 24 including a microphone 3, andthe optical, hybrid electro-optical, and/or quantum computer 1 caninclude a light source for generating and communicating data andinformation using the visible light spectrum and/or invisible portion ofthe infrared light spectrum, or other invisible portion of theelectromagnetic spectrum.

For example, a light source can be used to produce different colors oflight for generating photons and sine waves in the visible and/orinvisible portion of the electromagnetic light spectrum. The differentcolors and associated frequencies and wavelengths of light can beproduced by LED's, liquid crystals, lasers, or other light sources.Again, visible light falls in the range of the electromagnetic spectrumbetween ultraviolet and infrared light. Visible light frequencies arebetween about 4×10¹⁴ and 8×10¹⁴ cycles per second (Hz) which is about430-750 trillion Hz (THz) and have wavelengths in the range betweenapproximately 380-740 nanometers (nm). The ultraviolet light spectrumincludes wavelengths in the range between approximately 10 nm and 400 nmwhich corresponds to frequencies in the range between approximately 30PHz-750 THz. The infrared light spectrum includes wavelengths in therange between approximately 700 nm-1 mm and corresponds to frequenciesin the range between approximately 430 THz-300 GHz. In this regard, itis known that there can be some overlap as between the visible lightspectrum and the infrared and ultraviolet light spectrums. Visible lightfrequencies and wavelengths correspond in duration of time to about 2femtoseconds. The keyboard(s) or other input devices and/or the computercan possibly include an integrated circuit, a character map, a linear orcircular light accelerator, a microcomb, a prism, a filter, adiffraction grating, an optical CPU, an optical memory chip or othermeans of data storage, a neural network, an interface, a compiler, andconnections for coupling with fiber optical cable. In this regard, alaser or other light source can be scattered or dispersed with the useof a prism, a diffraction grating, a filter, a microcomb, and/or otherphotonic or optical devices. When a keystroke is made on a keyboardwhich either includes or is connected to the light source a specificfrequency and wavelength of light can then be generated and communicatedusing fiber optical cable to an optical CPU and optical memory chip orother device which is capable of persisting data and information. Inthis regard, fiber optical cable can transmit about 100 terabytes(tb)/second in C and L bands: the C band is between 1530-1565 nm; the Lband is between 1565-1625 nm; the 0 band is between 1260-1360 nm, the Eband is between 1360-1460 nm, the S band is between 1460-1530 nm, andthe rarely used U band is between 1625-1675 nm. These wavelengths fallinto the invisible portion of the electromagnetic light spectrum. Thevisible portion of the light spectrum is between 380-740 nm or about400-700 nm. Lasers which use sapphire can render between 670-1100 nm andare very efficient at around 800 nm, but other materials can be used inthe making of lasers to generate other frequencies and wavelengths.Alternatively, the other semiconductor materials which are typicallyused to make light emitting diodes (LEDs) are recited in the article:“Light-Emitting Diode Physics” on the website:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode_physics.

When a prism is made from a crystalline material such as germanium,ruby, sapphire, diamond, quartz, salt, silicon, or other crystallinematerial, and in particular when the crystalline material is sensitiveto a piezoelectric effect or can otherwise be caused to vibrate andchange modes and so its optical and/or electrical properties, the prismcan be adapted or tuned to communicate data using the electromagneticlight spectrum, that is, it is possible to make a tunable prism.Sapphire lasers are capable of providing between 670 nm-1100 nm, and ismost efficient at about 800 nm in this range, and such lasers aresometimes used in spectroscopy. U.S. Pat. No. 2,212,845 by Alexander M.Nicolson discloses piezoelectric effects using Rochelle salt crystals.U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,450,246 and 1,472,583 by Walter Guyton Cady disclosecrystal controlled oscillators, and these U.S. patents are herebyincorporated by reference herein. Quartz is silicon dioxide, andso-called AT cut quartz crystals can be used to make oscillators orresonators having a frequency between 800 KHz and 300 MHz. Syntheticquartz is made for this purpose, and it can be used in a crystaloscillator circuit. Mode locked oscillators can produce short pulses inthe range of picoseconds and femtoseconds. The Seiko Epson 56-8003series provides an example of a modern programmable quartz crystaloscillator, e.g., the Epson SG-8003CG. The aforementioned structures,devices, and methods of communicating data and information can beincluded in or used with one or more of the devices shown in FIG. 30 .

FIG. 30 shows a game controller 5 which can possibly include a lightsource for communicating data to a computer or gaming platform using thevisible light spectrum and/or invisible portion of the infrared lightspectrum, and an optical fiber cable 4, as discussed above. Further, thegame controller 5 can include the structures and features disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 10,507,385 B2, U.S. Pat. No. 11,202,960 B2, and U.S.patent application Ser. No. 17/524,373 by Kieran S. Lyden, and all ofthese patents and the patent application are hereby incorporated byreference herein.

When information is sent wirelessly from a remote keyboard, mouse, gamecontroller, or microphone to a computer using the binary system anddigital communication, the electromagnetic signal can be received by thecomputer and processed by a digital to analog converter and then sent toan optical CPU and be stored in an optical memory chip, oralternatively, using other means of data storage such as ROM, RAM,Flash, Solid State Drive (SSD) memory, spintronics memory or DNA codingmemory. Conversely, data and information that is processed and storedoptically can be communicated by using an optical analog to digitalconverter to external devices which use electronic means and digitalcommunication. For information on the subject of spintronics memory,see, e.g., the articles “Highly Efficient Spintronics Memory Offer HighSpeeds at Low Power,” published Dec. 7, 2020, on the website:https://www.hpcwire.com/off-the-wire/jighly-efficient-spintronics-memory-offersohigh-speeds-at-low-power/;and, “Spintronic Devices: A Promising Alternative to CMOS Devices,” byPrashanth Barla, Vinod Kumar Joshi, and Somashekara Bhat, published onJan. 21, 2021 on the website:https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=4&url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10825-020-01648-6&ved=2ahUKEwj375bakKr1AhVxk4EHVqfDtoOx7wDegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw0jCGYZC-CUXQ7cgBTSQsVO.For information on DNA coding memory, see, e.g., the articles “DNADigital Data Storage” published on the Wikipedia website:https://g.co/kgs/sna3Fj; “DNA: The Ultimate Data-StorageSolution—Scientific American,” by Latchesar Lonkov and BradleySettlemyer, published on May 28, 2021 on the website:https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dna-the-ultimate-data-storage-solution/?amp=true.

When a microphone 3 or one or more of the other devices shown in FIG. 30include means for recording vocal and audio information, the words,sounds, or music can be recorded and placed into a digital or analogformat and be stored in RAM, ROM, flash memory, Solid State Drive (SSD)or other memory on magnetic tape, CD, DVD, laser disc, or using meansfor persisting data and information. In this regard, vocal, sound, andmusic information can also be processed by a digital to analog opticalconverter or by other mechanical and/or electronic to photonic oroptical conversion devices, and be stored in an optical memory chip orother data storage device. Again, the sound tracks of feature films aretypically optically embedded in the film substrate and in the past theimages and sound track were synchronized using a movieola device. Thesound track(s) present on feature films are then later converted intoaudio output with the use of optical-electrical converters included inthe film projectors used in movie theaters. Further, audio frequenciesand wavelengths can also be used to communicate data and information notdirectly associated with vocal communication or music. In this regard,the audible portion of the sound spectrum is typically between 20-20,000Hz. However, elephants can use and hear lower frequencies, and dogs canhear higher frequencies hence the use of a dog whistle. Whales anddolphins use sonar or bi-sonar. Bats use ultrasound and echo-location.Sound waves are typically sinusoidal and can be communicated usinganalog equipment, and they can also be readily converted to a photonicor optical form of data and information, and vice-versa, a photonic oroptical form of data and information can be converted into sound and anaudio form of communication.

As shown in FIG. 31 , a single sine wave can be used to represent andcommunicate a number having a base portion which has a value of “m”which equals 10 in the base ten number system, or a different value in adifferent base number system, and also an exponent portion of the numberhaving a value of “n” which can be derived from a logarithm table. Forexample, log₁₀x=0.698970004 can be 98970004 (“m^(n)”) and this canrepresent and communicate the number x=5. The base expressed as 10⁶portion value “m” and exponent portion value “n” can be configured to bemanipulated by a mathematical function and/or algorithm by which aresultant wave form having a specific frequency and wavelength isderived to represent and communicate the value of the number “m^(n)” ina single sine wave. The resultant wavelength form which is assigned andcoded to represent the value or number “m^(n)” in a single sine wave canbe derived by a mathematical function and/or algorithm which canpossibly include other operations, e.g., addition, subtraction,multiplication, division, and/or taking a square root.

In this regard, when integer factorization and prime factorization ismade possible on a routine basis with the use of quantum computers whichcould then possibly use Shor's Algorithm, there will be a need for othermeans and methods besides the presently widely usedRivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) public-key cryptosystem for providingsecurity to data communication. The RSA public-key cryptosytem isdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,829 which was granted to Ronald L.Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard M. Adleman of the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology on Sep. 20, 1983, and this patent is herebyincorporated by reference herein. When using “m^(n)” to represent andcommunicate a number such as 5 in the base 10 number system, theexponent “n” which in this case has the value 0.698970004 is arelatively small nine digit number. If and when a frequency andwavelength of light which is in the THz range is to be encoded torepresent the number 5, it is possible to take the value “n” which isequal to 0.698970004 and use it as a first factor, and then multiply itby a second factor in order to derive the value of the frequency of thephotonic sine wave which is to be encoded to represent the number 5.Alternatively, three or more factors could be used in order to derivethe value of the frequency of the sine wave which would be encoded torepresent the number 5. In this way, the ability to perform integerfactorization and prime factorization would be flipped and instead ofbeing used to break a code, it can be used to help create a code andthen derive one or more factors which can serve as the key to arrivingat a known numerical solution, and which in this case would correspondto the frequency of a sine wave. If and when the value of one or more ofthe factors would also be randomized then it would be even moredifficult for a hacker or other unauthorized party or form of artificialintelligence to interpret and understand the data and information whichwould be contained in a communication.

The assignment and encoding of specific wavelengths to represent andcommunicate specific values, numbers, mathematical functions andoperations can be stored in computer memory or other data andinformation, communication, manipulation and storage system. Othernumerical values which are often used in the field of science, e.g., thespeed of light which is 299,792,458 meters per second, Avogadro's numberwhich is 6.022140857×10²³, and Planck's constant which is6.62607004×10⁻³⁴ joule seconds can each be represented and communicatedby different wave forms each having a different specific frequency andwavelength. As previously discussed, a software application can be usedto access lists of numbers and other information which in the past havetypically been included in hard copy tables of algorithms, but which caninstead be stored in computer memory, and the software application canthen execute and run programs which have been compiled which can includecommands and algorithms to perform mathematical computations and otherprocesses.

Visible light falls in the range of the electromagnetic spectrum betweenultraviolet and infrared light. Visible light wavelengths havefrequencies between approximately 4×10¹⁴ and 8×10¹⁴ cycles per second(Hz) which corresponds to frequencies in the range approximately between405-790 THz and wavelengths in the range between approximately 380-740nanometers (nm), and one cycle then has a period of about 2 femtoseconds(FS). The ultraviolet light spectrum includes wavelengths in the rangebetween approximately 10 nm and 400 nm which corresponds to frequenciesin the range between approximately 30 PHz-750 THz. The infrared lightspectrum includes wavelengths in the range between approximately 700nm-1 mm and corresponds to frequencies in the range betweenapproximately 430 THz-300 GHz. In this regard, it is known that therecan be some overlap as between the visible light spectrum and theinfrared and ultraviolet light spectrums. Accordingly, in order torepresent and communicate the number 5 shown in FIG. 3 and also thenumbers 5, 2, and 3 shown in FIG. 32 and FIG. 33 using photons andvisible and/or invisible light, the mathematical variables or numbers“m,” “n,” 5, 2, 3, or other mathematical variables or numbers can bemanipulated by a mathematical function and/or algorithm which can derivea resultant frequency and wavelength which falls within the frequencyand wavelength range associated with visible and/or invisible light. Inthis regard, the combined C, L, O, E and S bands used in optical fibercable transmission are associated with infrared light in the rangebetween approximately 1260-1625 nm. Subtracting 1260 nm from 1625 nmyields a difference of 365 nm which is about the same difference andresult obtained when 380 nm is subtracted from 740 nm which yields 360nm and this corresponds to the range of wavelengths associated withvisible light.

FIG. 32 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingthree different resultant wave forms which are each derived from a basenumber portion in a known base number system and also an exponentportion and which have been manipulated by a mathematical functionand/or algorithm to derive the three different resultant wave forms eachhaving a specific wavelength which can represent and communicate a valueor number. In FIG. 32 , the three different resultant wave forms areshown to directly follow one another in a series and the changes betweenthe three different resultant wave forms take place on the referenceline and/or zero. Alternatively, the three resultant wave forms could beseparated by a break or a different wave form which could be used toindicate a desired mathematical function and operation therebetween,e.g., addition, multiplication, subtraction, division. Alternatively,the changes in the resultant wave forms which each have a specificwavelength can take place at a position which is off the reference lineand/or zero, e.g., the changes in the resultant wave forms could takeplace at the one quarter, one half, three quarter, or other portion ofthe cycle of one or more of the three resultant wave forms. In thisregard, the various forms of detection used in frequency modulationwhich have been previously discussed, such as slope detection, can beused to read and identify a specific frequency and wavelength from aportion of wave form.

In FIG. 32 , the base portion “m” of all three of the differentresultant wave forms could have the value 10 in the base 10 numbersystem. However, the first resultant wave form could be associated witha base 10 number having an exponent portion “n” equal to 0.698970004 andlog₁₀x=0.698970004 can be expressed as 10⁶⁹⁸⁹⁷⁰⁰⁰⁴ which yields thevalue and number x=5, and the first resultant wave form can be suitablymanipulated by a mathematical function and/or algorithm using the valuesor numbers associated with the variables “m” and “n”, e.g., by addition,multiplication, subtraction, division, or other function, to derive aspecific wavelength which can be used to represent and communicate thenumber 5. The second resultant wave form could be associated with a base10 number having an exponent portion “n” equal to 0.301029996 andlog₁₀x=0.301029996 can be expressed as 10^(0.301029996) which yields thevalue and number x=2, and the second resultant wave form can be suitablymanipulated by a mathematical function and/or algorithm using the valuesor numbers associated with the variables “m” and “n”, e.g., by addition,multiplication, subtraction, division, or other function, to derive aspecific wavelength which can be used to represent and communicate thenumber 2. The third resultant wave form could be associated with a base10 number having an exponent portion “n” equal to 0.477121255 andlog₁₀x=0.477121255 can be expressed as 10^(0.477121255) which yields thevalue and number x=3, and the third resultant wave form can be suitablymanipulated by a mathematical function and/or algorithm using the valuesor numbers associated with the variables “m” and “n”, e.g., by addition,multiplication, subtraction, division, or other function, to derive aspecific wavelength which can be used to represent and communicate thenumber 3. Accordingly, the three resultant wave forms can represent andcommunicate the numbers 5, 2, and 3. Depending upon the softwareapplication being used and its included and compiled programs, commandsand algorithms, the numbers 5, 2, 3 could be read and understood assimply being 5, 2, 3, or alternatively, e.g., the numbers could be usedin a mathematical function such as addition and/or subtraction and then5+2+3=10, or alternatively, e.g., the numbers could be used in amathematical function such as multiplication and then 5×2×3=30. In orderto represent and communicate the number 523, the exponent “n” associatedwith the first resultant wave form could be changed from 0.698970004 to2.698970004 and log₁₀x=2.698970004 can be expressed as 10^(2.698970004)which yields the value and number x=500, the exponent “n” associatedwith the second resultant wave form could be changed from 0.301029996 to1.301029996 and log₁₀x=1.301029996 can be expressed as 10^(1.301029996)which yields the value and number x=20, and the exponent “n” associatedwith the third resultant wave form could remain the same 0.477121255 andlog₁₀x=0.477121255 can be expressed as 10^(0.477121255) which yields thevalue and number x=3, and so this can be used represent and communicatethe three numbers 500, 20, and 3. A software application including acompilation of programs including commands and algorithms can then usethese numbers in a mathematic function, such as addition to derive andrepresent and communicate the number 523. Alternatively, the number 523can be represented by a plurality of wave forms which represent5×10²=500, 2×10¹=20, and 3¹=3, and a software application including acompilation of programs including commands and algorithms can use thesenumbers in a mathematic function such as addition to derive andrepresent and communicate the number 523. Alternatively, other ways andmeans of using mathematical operations to derive and code wave formshaving a specific frequency and wavelength to represent and communicatenumbers can be used.

FIG. 33 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingtwo cycles of each of the three different resultant wave forms which areeach derived from a base number portion in a known base number systemand an exponent portion and which have been manipulated by amathematical function and/or algorithm to derive the three differentresultant wave forms each having a specific wavelength which can be usedto represent and communicate a value or number. In this regard, the baseportion “m” of all three of the three different resultant wave formscould have the value 10 in the base 10 number system. However, the firstresultant wave form could be associated with a number in base 10 havingan exponent portion “n” equal to 0.698970004 and log₁₀x=0.698970004 canbe expressed as 10^(0.698970004) which yields the value and number x=5,and the first wave form can be suitably manipulated by a mathematicalfunction and/or algorithm using the values or numbers associated withthe variables “m” and “n”, e.g., by addition, multiplication,subtraction, division, or other function, to derive a specificwavelength which can be used to represent and communicate the number 5.The second resultant wave form could be associated with a number in base10 having an exponent portion “n” equal to 0.301029996 andlog₁₀x=0.301029996 can be expressed as 10^(0.301029996) which yields thevalue and number x=2, and the second wave form can be suitablymanipulated by a mathematical function and/or algorithm using the valuesor numbers associated with the variables “m” and “n”, e.g., by addition,multiplication, subtraction, division, or other function, to derive aspecific wavelength which can be used to represent and communicate thenumber 2. The third resultant wave form could be associated with anumber I base 10 having an exponent portion “n” equal to 0.477121255 andlog₁₀x=0.477121255 can be expressed as 10^(0.477121255) which yields thevalue and number x=3, and the third wave form can be suitablymanipulated by a mathematical function and/or algorithm using the valuesor numbers associated with the variables “m” and “n”, e.g., by addition,multiplication, subtraction, division, or other function, to derive aspecific wavelength which can be used to represent and communicate thenumber 3. Accordingly, the three resultant wave forms can represent andcommunicate the numbers 5, 2, and 3. Depending upon the softwareapplication and its compilation of programs, commands, and algorithms,the numbers 5, 2, 3 could be read and understood as simply being 5, 2,3, or alternatively, e.g., the numbers could be used in a mathematicfunction such as addition and/or subtraction and then 5+2+3=10, oralternatively, e.g., the numbers could be used in a mathematic functionsuch as multiplication and then 5×2×3=30. In order to represent andcommunicate the number 523, the exponent “n” associated with the firstresultant wave form could be changed from 0.698970004 to 2.698970004 andlog₁₀x=2.698970004 can be expressed as 10^(2.698970004) which yields thevalue and number x=500, the exponent “n” associated with the secondresultant wave form could be changed from 0.301029996 to 1.301029996 andlog₁₀x=1.301029996 can be expressed as 10^(1.301029996) which yields thevalue and number x=20, and the exponent “n” associated with the thirdresultant wave form could remain the same 0.477121255 andlog₁₀x=0.477121255 can be expressed as 10^(0.477121266) which yields thevalue and number x=3, and so this can be used to represent andcommunicate the three numbers 500, 20, and 3, and a software applicationincluding a compilation of programs including commands and algorithmscan use these numbers in a mathematic function such as addition toderive and represent and communicate the number 523. Alternatively, thenumber 523 can be represented by a plurality of wave forms whichrepresent 5×10²=500, 2×10¹=20, and 3¹=3, and a software applicationincluding a compilation of programs including commands and algorithmscan use these numbers in a mathematic function such as addition toderive and represent and communicate the number 523. Alternatively,other ways and means of using mathematical operations to derive and codewave forms having a specific frequency and wavelength to represent andcommunicate numbers can be used.

In FIG. 33 , the two cycles of each of the three different resultantwave forms are shown to follow one another in a series after a break andthe changes in their different respective wave forms take place on thereference line and/or zero. Alternatively, the three resultant waveforms could be separated by break or other wave form which could be usedto indicate a mathematical function and/or operation therebetween.Alternatively, the changes in the resultant wave forms could take placeat a position which is off the reference line and/or zero, e.g., thechanges in the resultant wave forms could take place at the one quarter,one half, three quarter, or other portion of the cycle of one or more ofthe three resultant wave forms. In this regard, the various forms ofdetection which have been used in frequency modulation and discussedpreviously, such as slope detection, can be used to read and identify aspecific frequency and wavelength from a portion of wave form.

FIG. 34 shows a representation of the screen of an oscilloscope showingtwo cycles of three different sine waves corresponding to visible and/orinvisible light having different frequencies and wavelengths. Forexample: the sine wave having the shortest wavelength could correspondto the color violet in the visible light spectrum and have a wavelengthof 450 nanometers (nm) which takes 1.5 Femtoseconds (Fs) to complete onecycle; the sine wave having the second shortest wavelength couldcorrespond to the color yellow in the visible light spectrum and have awavelength of 590 nm which takes 2.0 Fs to complete one cycle; and thesince wave having the longest wavelength could correspond to the colorred in the visible light spectrum and have a wavelength of 700 nm whichtakes 2.3 Fs to complete one cycle. Alternatively, the three differentsine waves could correspond to three different frequencies in thevisible and/or invisible light spectrum such as the invisible portion ofthe infrared light spectrum. In this regard, the combined C, L, O, E andS bands used in optical fiber cable transmission are associated withinfrared light in the range between approximately 1260-1625 nm.Subtracting 1260 nm from 1625 nm yields a difference of 365 nm which isabout the same difference and result obtained when 380 nm is subtractedfrom 740 nm which yields 360 nm and this corresponds to the range ofwavelengths associated with visible light.

When is possible to detect differences in the frequency and wavelengthof sine waves corresponding to 1 nanometer (nm) with desired accuracy,then there would be about 360 different possible frequencies andwavelengths in the visible light spectrum, and at least 360 more in theinfrared spectrum to work with in order to perform encoding. Some of thefollowing methods and techniques can be used in order to provide formore possible code points when using wave forms to represent andcommunicate data and information. A first wave form having a firstspecific frequency and wavelength can be combined with a second waveform having a different and second specific frequency and wavelength. Inthis regard, the first wave form can be followed by the second in aseries. Alternatively, the first wave form and second wave form can becommunicated in parallel simultaneously and share the same point oforigin, and could then create a single resultant wave form.Alternatively, the first wave form and second wave form can be offsetand phase shifted relative to one another. Further, the many differentpositions to which the two wave forms can be phase shifted can eachprovide for different code points. The amplitude of one, the other, orboth of the first wave form and the second wave form can also be changedand otherwise manipulated. Moreover, there are other methods andtechniques which can be used to provide a multiplicity of possible codepoints, as discussed below.

Human DNA is a long molecule held together in two strands known aspolynucleotides which form a double helix coil around a plurality ofbase pairs which are each made of two of four possible nucleobases,namely, cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), and thymine (T). In thisregard, cytosine always pairs with guanine and adenine always pairs withthymine, and the human genome is made of about 3.2 billion of these basepairs which are disposed in a series in a DNA molecule. Selecting twocolors from the red, blue, and green portions of the visible lightspectrum, or from the red, blue, green, and yellow portions of thevisible light spectrum, or selecting other specific frequencies andwavelengths in a different portion of the visible or invisible lightspectrum, and then combining them as pairs and placing them in series orin parallel is one method and technique which can emulate andapproximate the data and information coding and storage ability of theDNA molecule. This method, technique, and process for representing,configuring and communicating data and information will here be referredto as color coding, and/or color coded. For example, if four colors areselected from the red, blue, green, and yellow portions of the visiblelight spectrum, and they can all be combined with one another, that is,unlike cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine in human DNA, then thepotential for data and information coding and storage is possibly evengreater than DNA. Furthermore, there are many more combinations andpermutations which are possible using approximately 360 differentfrequencies and wavelengths of visible light, and at least that manymore different frequencies and wavelengths of invisible light in theinfrared spectrum. For example, the possible number of combinations andpermutations of one color having a specific frequency and wavelengthbeing combined with another color having a different specific frequencyand wavelength selected from a list or group including at least 360members can be calculated: Permutations nPr=360!/(360−2)!=129,240, andCombinations nCr=360!/2!X(360−2)!=64,620. The possible number ofcombinations and permutations of four colors which each have a differentspecific frequency and wavelength which can be combined with one anotherselected from a list or group including at least 360 members can becalculated as follows: Permutations nPr=360!/(360−4)!=16,517,647,440,and Combinations nCr=360!/4!X(360−4)!=688,235,310. While it may not bepossible or practical to encode infinite numbers with a finite number ofcoding points, this method and technique can nevertheless provide for asubstantial number of coding points. Moreover, if, e.g., eight colorshaving different frequencies and wavelengths are selected for use thenthe result would be: PermutationsnPr=360!/(360−8)!=260,858,210,442,628,246,400, and CombinationsnCr=360!/8!X(360−8)!=6,469,697,679,132,645. As a point of reference,Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 provide for about 1.1 million possible codingpoints.

As previously discussed, the current Webster's dictionary includes about470,000 words, and the concise Oxford dictionary includes between about171,476 words. However, it has been estimated that most individuals onlyhave knowledge of about 15,000-20,000 word families which are calledlemmas in their native language, and individuals seldom have knowledgeof more than 2,000-3,000 word families in a foreign language.Accordingly, a concise dictionary for use with a computer language caninclude less than 20,000 lemmas, and even less than 5,000 lemmas. Ifeven only 1,000 or 2,000 and certainly less than 3,000-5,000alphabetical letters, words, symbols, and numbers are each individuallyassigned and coded in order to be represented and communicated in theform of a square wave or a sine wave having a specific frequency andwavelength, then the amount of data in bits, waves, vibes, qubits, orwhatever name or form would be given to the data and information, canpossibly be decreased by over 75%. The following two websites having1000 and 3000 word lists include the most commonly used words inEnglish: https://gonaturalenglish.com; and,https://basicenglishspeaking.com. According to the websitehttp://basicenglishspeaking.com: “If you know these 3000 most commonwords, you can understand at least 95% of all conversations, e-mails,newspapers, and books.” This is one way to create faster computers whichdo not consume as much time and energy as they do today, that is, if thedesire is to make computers 20 times faster, then one way to accomplishthis is to make a new computer language which uses a lot less data inorder to communicate the same information. In view of the number ofcoding points which can be provided by using combinations of differentwave forms in the visible light spectrum, and/or invisible portion ofthe infrared light spectrum, or other portion of the electromagneticspectrum, it is be possible to encode all of the words, symbols, andfunctions which are presently being used, and to also encode thosenumbers which are used by a typical user population, or a specifictarget population of scientists, or other users of computers or otherdata and information communication, manipulation, and storage devices.

As previously discussed, a number of different models such as OSI andTCP/IP are being used to communicate data and information intelecommunications and computer network environments. The method andprocess of combining two or more colors in the visible light spectrum orinvisible portion of the infrared light spectrum associated withspecific frequencies and wavelengths to configure and make a set, andfurther configuring and making a plurality of sets which can then beconfigured in series and/or parallel, can be further configured toinclude and/or be communicated with one or more other specificfrequencies and wavelengths associated with the configuration and makingof a packet which can include control information typically included ina header or footer, and also information for the possible purpose ofsynchronization and error detection and correction. In order to providea visual aid by making reference to the structure of a DNA molecule, onecan imagine the control information as being mostly contained in thedouble helix portion of the molecule or signal, but perhaps with a fewbreaks and/or portions in the plurality of sets being used to includecontrol information and also the purpose of synchronization and errordetection and correction, but most or all of the sets includingdifferent combinations of specific wavelengths and frequencies thenbeing used like the cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), and thymine(T) nucleobases in the DNA molecule to deliver the payload of data andinformation. In this regard, various means for persisting data andinformation such as the use of classical electronic silicon-based memorychips, ROM, RAM, Flash-memory, Solid State Drive (SSD) memory, opticalmemory chips and/or other forms of photonic memory, spintronics memory,DNA memory, and what will here be referred to as a color coded memory(CCM) which is configured to process and store data and informationwhich has been configured in various combinations and permutations ofdifferent frequencies and wavelengths of visible and/or invisible light.In this regard, the method, technique, and process of configuring dataand information using various combinations and permutations of differentfrequencies and wavelengths of visible and/or invisible light has beendiscussed in the preceding paragraphs using the DNA molecule as a visualaid and this method and process has been referred to herein as colorcoding and/or color coded.

Again, one or more of the different models, methods, and processes whichare being used to communicate data and information in varioustelecommunication and computer network environments can be configuredand adapted to be used with one or more of the structures, methods, andprocesses discussed and shown in the present disclosure, and vice-versa,that is, the structures, methods, and processes relating to making acomputer language and code for software application development, datacompression, and use with conventional, optical, hybrid electro-opticaland quantum computers can be configured and adapted to be used with oneor more of the different models, methods, and processes which are beingused to communicate data and information in various telecommunicationand computer network environments.

FIG. 35 shows a representation of a resultant wave form derived from thesummation and combination of the three different sine waves shown inFIG. 34 . In this regard, the amplitude and time scales shown on thevertical and horizontal axis in FIG. 35 are approximately twice as largeas those used in FIG. 34 . The representation shown in FIG. 35 was notderived using mathematical data which was processed and graphed by acomputer program, but rather is merely a rough approximation which isintended to show that the resultant wave created by a plurality ofdifferent sine waves can be very different looking than the individualsine waves, and the individual sine waves can then be either partiallyor completely unrecognizable in the resultant wave. Nevertheless, thedata and information associated with the three individual sine waves isstill present and can be effectively communicated by the resultant waveform.

FIG. 36 shows the result of a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the dataand information associated with the resultant wave shown in FIG. 35 .The use of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) can dramatically reduce thecomplexity and time required to compute a discrete Fourier transform(DFT) or its inverse (IDFT) by an attempt to calculate O (N²), andinstead enables O (N log N) to be calculated where N is the size of thedata. Some FFT algorithms depend on the factorization of N, but othersexist which can also be used with prime N. In FIG. 36 , the graph showsamplitude on the vertical axis, and frequency on the horizontal axis,whereas FIGS. 34-35 show amplitude on the vertical axis, and time on thehorizontal axis. The FFT indicates and communicates the three differentfrequencies of the three different sine waves corresponding to visibleand/or invisible light shown in FIG. 34 which make up the singleresultant wave form shown in FIG. 35 . For example: the sine wave havingthe shortest wavelength could correspond to the color violet in thevisible light spectrum and have a wavelength of 450 nanometers (nm)which takes 1.5 Femtoseconds (Fs) to complete one cycle, and becausewavelength times frequency equals the speed of light, and frequencyequals the speed of light divided by the wavelength, the frequencycorresponding to the wavelength of 450 nm would be 666,205,462,222,222Hz. This frequency would then be indicated and communicated by the peakshown in FIG. 36 on the far right side. The sine wave having the secondshortest wavelength could correspond to the color yellow in the visiblelight spectrum and have a wavelength of 590 nm which takes 2.0 Fs tocomplete one cycle, and because wavelength times frequency equals thespeed of light, and frequency equals the speed of light divided by thewavelength, the frequency corresponding to a wavelength of 590 nm wouldbe 508,122,810,169,492 Hz, or approximately 508 THz. This frequencywould then be indicated and communicated by the peak shown in FIG. 36 inthe middle. The sine wave having the longest wavelength could correspondto the color red in the visible light spectrum and have a wavelength of700 nm which takes 2.3 Fs to complete one cycle, and because wavelengthtimes frequency equals the speed of light, and frequency equals thespeed of light divided by the wavelength, the frequency corresponding toa wavelength of 700 nm would be 428,274,940,000,000 Hz, or approximately428 THz. This frequency would then be indicated and communicated by thepeak shown in FIG. 36 on the far left side. When these three differentfrequencies and wavelengths of visible light are coded so as torepresent specific data and information, whether it be a single letterof the alphabet, a word, a symbol, a number, a command, a function, oran operation, the data and information can be communicated using lightwaves, and be read and understood by a user of a computer or other datastorage and processing device which includes a software applicationwhich includes a compilation of programs, codes, lists, algorithms,commands, and other methods for processing, manipulating, and storingdata and information. Alternatively, the three different FFT wave formscould correspond to three different sine waves having the differentfrequencies and wavelengths in the visible and/or invisible lightspectrum, such as the invisible portion of the infrared light spectrum.

Accordingly, whether data and information is communicated using visiblelight, invisible light, or a different portion of the electromagneticspectrum, and whether the data and information is communicated in aseries of wave forms, or a plurality of wave forms communicated inparallel, or a plurality of wave forms which are being communicatednearly or actually simultaneously, and then whether using electronicmeans and wires and/or photonic means using visible or invisible lightand optical fiber cable or other photonic or optical communicationstructures, devices and methods, the data and information associatedwith a plurality of wave forms and signals can be communicated,identified, read and understood by a user of a computer or other datastorage and processing device which includes a software applicationwhich includes a suitable compilation of programs, codes, lists, andalgorithms including but not limited to the Fast Fourier Transform(FFT), and other possible commands, methods, and techniques forprocessing, manipulating, and storing data and information.

The following Clauses provide exemplary methods of making a computerlanguage, and/or exemplary methods of communicating a computer language,and/or at least one exemplary computer language, but also exemplaryoptical keyboards and optical game controllers for use with electroniccomputers, optical computers, electro-optical computers, and/or quantumcomputers.

Clause 1: A method of making a computer language comprising providing adictionary comprising a list comprising a plurality of memberalphabetical letters and/or words and/or numbers and/or symbols, eachmember of said plurality being represented by a corresponding wave formcomprising a specific frequency and wavelength.

Clause 2: The method of making a computer language according to clause1, wherein said wave form is in the electromagnetic spectrum.

Clause 3: The method of making a computer language according to clause1, wherein said wave form comprises a photonic wave in the visible lightspectrum and/or invisible portion of the infrared light spectrum.

Clause 4: The method of making a computer language according to clause1, wherein said wave form comprises a sine wave.

Clause 5: The method of making a computer language according to clause1, wherein said wave form comprises an electronic wave.

Clause 6: The method of making a computer language according to clause1, wherein said wave form comprises a square wave.

Clause 7: The method of making a computer language according to clause1, wherein said wave form comprises a product of data compression.

Clause 8: The method of making a computer language according to clause1, wherein said list of alphabetic letters and/or words furthercomprises a plurality of sub-lists comprising the following categories:noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction,determiner, and exclamation.

Clause 9: The method of making a computer language according to clause1, wherein said plurality of member numbers are represented by a firstwave form comprising a first frequency and wavelength which representsthe base portion of a specific number, and a second wave form comprisinga second frequency and wavelength which represents the exponent portionof said specific number, whereby the value of said specific number canbe represented and communicated.

Clause 10: The method of making a computer language according to clause9, wherein a difference exists in time and/or space between the start ofsaid first wave form and said second wave form and said second wave formis substantially identical in amplitude and shape to said first waveform, but said second wave form is phase shifted relative to said firstwave form, and said first wave form represents the base portion of saidspecific number, and the amount to which said second wave form is phaseshifted in time and/or space represents the value of the exponentcorresponding to said specific number, whereby the value of saidspecific number can be represented and communicated.

Clause 11: The method of making a computer language according to clause1, wherein the absence of a break between two of said plurality ofmember numbers which are represented and/or communicated in a seriesrepresents a mathematic function comprising addition.

Clause 12: The method of making a computer language according to clause1, wherein the absence of a break between two of said plurality ofmember numbers which are represented and/or communicated in a seriesrepresents a mathematical function comprising multiplication.

Clause 13: The method of making a computer language according to clause1, wherein a break between two of said plurality of member lettersand/or words and/or numbers and/or symbols represents a separationbetween said plurality member letters and/or words and/or numbers and/orsymbols.

Clause 14: The method of making a computer language according to clause1, wherein the presence of a wave form representing a symbol disposedbetween two of said plurality of member numbers represents amathematical function and operation between said member numbers.

Clause 15: A method of making a computer language for representing anypositive number using the values and numbers 0, 1, 2, 2^(nth)exponential power, 3, and 3^(nth) exponential power and/or a sum of twoor more of said values and numbers.

Clause 16: A method of making a computer language for representing andcommunicating values or numbers each comprising a base portioncomprising one or more of the following 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,and an exponent portion, said base portion being represented andcommunicated by a wave form comprising a first frequency and wavelength,said exponent portion being represented by a second wave form comprisinga second frequency and wavelength, wherein a difference exists in timeand/or space between the start of said first wave form and said secondwave form, and said second wave form is substantially identical inamplitude and shape to said first wave form, and said second wave formis phase shifted relative to said first wave form, and the amount towhich said second wave form is phase shifted in time and/or spacerepresents and communicates the exponent, whereby said values or numberscan be represented and communicated.

Clause 17: The method of making a computer language for representing andcommunicating a plurality of values or numbers according to clause 16,wherein said first wave form and said second wave form comprise squarewaves.

Clause 18: The method of making a computer language for representing andcommunicating a plurality of values or numbers according to clause 16,wherein said first wave form and said second wave form comprise sinewaves.

Clause 19: The method of making a computer language for representing andcommunicating a plurality of values or numbers according to clause 16,wherein said first wave form and said second wave form comprisedifferent frequencies and wavelengths.

Clause 20: A method of making a computer language for representing andcommunicating a value or number in a known base number system, saidvalue or number having a base portion equal to said known base number insaid known base number system and an exponent portion comprising a valueobtained from a list comprising a table of algorithms, said known basenumber in said known base number system and said exponent portion beingconfigured to be manipulated by a mathematical function by which aresultant wave form having a specific wavelength is derived to representand communicate said value or number.

Clause 21: The method of making a computer language according to clause20, wherein said base number in said known base number system comprisesthe number 10 in the base 10 number system.

Clause 22: The method of making a computer language according to clause20, wherein said base number in said known base number system comprisesthe natural logarithm value e.

Clause 23: An optical keyboard configured to communicate data andinformation using visible light and/or infrared light.

Clause 24: An optical game controller configured to communicate data andinformation using visible light and/or infrared light.

Clause 25: A computer keyboard comprising means for producing an outputcomprising photons and a plurality of sine waves in the visible lightspectrum and/or invisible portion of the infrared light spectrum, saidoutput comprising representations of a plurality of alphabetical lettersand/or words and/or numbers and/or symbols and/or commands and/orfunctions and/or operations, said output being communicated by fiberoptic cable to a computer, said computer selected from the group ofcomputers consisting of an electronic computer, an optical computer, anelectro-optical computer, and a quantum computer.

Clause 26: A method of communicating a computer language comprisingproviding a dictionary comprising a list comprising a plurality ofmember alphabetical letters and/or words and/or numbers and/or symbols,each of said plurality of member alphabetical letters and/or wordsand/or numbers and/or symbols being represented by a corresponding waveform comprising a specific frequency and wavelength.

Clause 27: A computer language comprising a dictionary comprising a listcomprising a plurality of member alphabetical letters and/or wordsand/or numbers and/or symbols, each of said plurality of memberalphabetical letters and/or words and/or numbers and/or symbols beingrepresented by a corresponding wave form comprising a specific frequencyand wavelength.

Clause 28: A method of making a computer language comprising selecting avalue or number X in a base number system comprising a logarithmicfunction and expression Log_(b) ^(n)=X, where b is the base portion of anumber in said base number system, and where n is the exponent portionof said number in said base number system to which b is raised toproduce said value or number X, taking and using n as a first factor,and multiplying n by at least a second factor to yield a specificfrequency and associated wavelength comprising a portion of theelectromagnetic spectrum.

Clause 29: The method according to clause 28, further including at leasta third factor which is randomly generated, and the multiplication ofsaid first factor n and said second factor and said third factor yieldssaid frequency and associated wavelength comprising a portion of theelectromagnetic spectrum.

Clause 30: The method according to clause 28, wherein said portion ofthe electromagnetic spectrum comprises a portion of the visible lightspectrum and/or infrared light spectrum.

Clause 31: A method of making a computer language comprising selecting aplurality of wave forms corresponding to specific frequencies andassociated wavelengths in the visible light spectrum and/or invisibleportion of the infrared light spectrum, and combining at least two ofsaid plurality of wave forms corresponding to specific frequencies andwavelengths to create a coding point.

Clause 32: The method according to clause 31, wherein at least four ofsaid plurality of wave forms are combined to create a coding point.

Clause 33: The method according to clause 31, wherein said coding pointis used to represent at least one of an alphabetical letter, a word, anumber, a symbol, a command, a function, and an operation.

Clause 34: The method according to clause 31, wherein said at least twoof said plurality of wave forms are combined to comprise a plurality ofsets, said plurality of sets being disposed in series and/or in parallelto provide a plurality of coding points.

Clause 35: The method according to clause 34, wherein the number ofpermutations of said plurality of coding points corresponds to theformula: Permutations=(Number of Sets)!/(Number of Sets−2)!, and thenumber of combinations of said coding points corresponds to the formula:Combinations=(Number of Sets)!/2!X (Number of Sets−2)!

As discussed above, the computer language and code for softwareapplication development, data compression, and the communication of dataand information can be used with conventional, optical, hybridelectro-optical and quantum computers. Having thus described the subjectmatter, it should be apparent that numerous software applications,modifications, and adaptations may be resorted to without departing fromthe scope and fair meaning of the subject matter as set forthhereinabove.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of making a computer language comprising: providing a dictionary comprising a list comprising a plurality of member alphabetical letters and/or words and/or numbers and/or symbols, each member of said plurality being represented by a corresponding wave form comprising a specific frequency and wavelength.
 2. The method of making a computer language according to claim 1, wherein said wave form is in the electromagnetic spectrum.
 3. The method of making a computer language according to claim 1, wherein said wave form comprises a photonic wave in the visible light spectrum and/or invisible portion of the infrared light spectrum.
 4. The method of making a computer language according to claim 1, wherein said wave form comprises a sine wave.
 5. The method of making a computer language according to claim 1, wherein said wave form comprises an electronic wave.
 6. The method of making a computer language according to claim 1, wherein said wave form comprises a square wave.
 7. The method of making a computer language according to claim 1, wherein said wave form comprises a product of data compression.
 8. The method of making a computer language according to claim 1, wherein said list of alphabetic letters and/or words further comprises a plurality of sub-lists comprising the following categories: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, determiner, and exclamation.
 9. The method of making a computer language according to claim 1, wherein said plurality of member numbers are represented by a first wave form comprising a first frequency and wavelength which represents the base portion of a specific number, and a second wave form comprising a second frequency and wavelength which represents the exponent portion of said specific number, whereby the value of said specific number can be represented and communicated.
 10. The method of making a computer language according to claim 9, wherein a difference exists in time and/or space between the start of said first wave form and said second wave form and said second wave form is substantially identical in amplitude and shape to said first wave form, but said second wave form is phase shifted relative to said first wave form, and said first wave form represents the base portion of said specific number, and the amount to which said second wave form is phase shifted in time and/or space represents the value of the exponent corresponding to said specific number, whereby the value of said specific number can be represented and communicated.
 11. The method of making a computer language according to claim 1, wherein the absence of a break between two of said plurality of member numbers which are represented and/or communicated in a series represents a mathematic function comprising addition.
 12. The method of making a computer language according to claim 1, wherein the absence of a break between two of said plurality of member numbers which are represented and/or communicated in a series represents a mathematical function comprising multiplication.
 13. The method of making a computer language according to claim 1, wherein a break between two of said plurality of member letters and/or words and/or numbers and/or symbols represents a separation between said plurality member letters and/or words and/or numbers and/or symbols.
 14. The method of making a computer language according to claim 1, wherein the presence of a wave form representing a symbol disposed between two of said plurality of member numbers represents a mathematical function and operation between said member numbers.
 15. A method of making a computer language for representing any positive number using the values and numbers 0, 1, 2, 2^(nth) exponential power, 3, and 3^(nth) exponential power and/or a sum of two or more of said values and numbers.
 16. A method of making a computer language for representing and communicating values or numbers each comprising a base portion comprising one or more of the following 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and an exponent portion, said base portion being represented and communicated by a wave form comprising a first frequency and wavelength, said exponent portion being represented by a second wave form comprising a second frequency and wavelength, wherein a difference exists in time and/or space between the start of said first wave form and said second wave form, and said second wave form is substantially identical in amplitude and shape to said first wave form, and said second wave form is phase shifted relative to said first wave form, and the amount to which said second wave form is phase shifted in time and/or space represents and communicates the exponent, whereby said values or numbers can be represented and communicated.
 17. The method of making a computer language for representing and communicating a plurality of values or numbers according to claim 16, wherein said first wave form and said second wave form comprise square waves.
 18. The method of making a computer language for representing and communicating a plurality of values or numbers according to claim 16, wherein said first wave form and said second wave form comprise sine waves.
 19. The method of making a computer language for representing and communicating a plurality of values or numbers according to claim 16, wherein said first wave form and said second wave form comprise different frequencies and wavelengths.
 20. A method of making a computer language for representing and communicating a value or number in a known base number system, said value or number having a base portion equal to said known base number in said known base number system and an exponent portion comprising a value obtained from a list comprising a table of algorithms, said known base number in said known base number system and said exponent portion being configured to be manipulated by a mathematical function by which a resultant wave form having a specific wavelength is derived to represent and communicate said value or number.
 21. A method of making a computer language comprising selecting a value or number X in a base number system comprising a logarithmic function and expression Log_(b) ^(n)=X, where b is the base portion of a number in said base number system, and where n is the exponent portion of said number in said base number system to which b is raised to produce said value or number X, taking and using n as a first factor, and multiplying n by at least a second factor to yield a specific frequency and associated wavelength comprising a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
 22. The method according to claim 21, further including at least a third factor which is randomly generated, and the multiplication of said first factor n and said second factor and said third factor yields said frequency and associated wavelength comprising a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, wherein said portion of the electromagnetic spectrum comprises a portion of the visible light spectrum and/or infrared light spectrum.
 23. A method of making a computer language comprising selecting a plurality of wave forms corresponding to specific frequencies and associated wavelengths in the visible light spectrum and/or invisible portion of the infrared light spectrum, and combining at least two of said plurality of wave forms corresponding to specific frequencies and wavelengths to create a coding point.
 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein said coding point is used to represent at least one of an alphabetical letter, a word, a number, a symbol, a command, a function, and an operation.
 25. The method according to claim 23, wherein said at least two of said plurality of wave forms are combined to comprise a plurality of sets, said plurality of sets being disposed in series and/or in parallel to provide a plurality of coding points. 